Prison management

Penology is the science and practice of prison management and criminal rehabilitation. Penologists study the ethics and effectiveness of various strategies for punishing crime, including incarceration and rehabilitation. The science of penology is especially relevant in the United States, a nation with less than 5 percent of the world s people but nearly 25 percent of its prisoners. More than 2 million individuals, or about 1 percent of the country s total population, is incarcerated. 

As the revolutionary armies swept closer, Cardinal Doria grew tired. The tone of his letters oscillated between hysteria and hopelessness at the litany of petty problems that San Leo managed to generate. Whether his comprehensive plan for the rational management of the prison ever received papal approval remains unclear it hadn t by the end of 1792 because, he observed... 

Webster s Dictionary defines a standard as something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example and states that standard applies to any definite rule, principle, or measure established by authority (standards of behavior) (Webster s, 2003). From a contemporary managerial perspective, standards of conduct for a pharmacist and for the operation of a pharmacy are derived both from laws and from professional standards or values. Standards for professional conduct and the operation of a pharmacy, whether stated formally in statutes and regulations or present in professional codes of ethics, are important for managers to understand and apply. Violations of these standards can affect the licensure status of a pharmacy practice site and/or its pharmacists, may result in litigation if a patient is harmed subsequent to a violation, and in the most serious cases can result in criminal prosecution. Both criminal prosecution and civil liability resulted in the case of Robert Courtney, the pharmacist discussed in the scenario. Courtney was sentenced to 30 years in prison, fined 25,000, and ordered to pay 10.4 million in restitution to the patients and families affected. These penalties were in addition to the civil judgment of 2.2 billion (Stafford, 2002). 

In 2000, a federal grand jury indicted the president of Concept Sciences, Inc., for alleged criminal violations of the OSHA process safety management (PSM) standard he faced a maximum 24 months in prison, a 3 million fine, and one year of probation (CW, 1999). 

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