Principles of Imaging

MRI methodology is a complex and intriguing field of study. In this chapter, the basic mechanisms of MRI signal production and acquisition are introduced to allow the student of the neurosciences to develop a base understanding. Excellent textbooks are available for more advanced study of the details (Slichter, 1996 Haacke et al., 1999 Liang and Lauterbur, 2000 Gillard et al., 2005). 

A Boeing 757-200 aircraft showing fairings under the wing. (Reprinted from 3DScanCo/GKS Global Services. With permission.) 

Several portable 3D measurement systems have been developed that can measure very large objects, such as cars or jet engines. They use laser light 

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L. E. Friedrich and J. E. Filers, in F. Granzer and E. Moisar, eds.. Progress in Basic Principles of Imaging Systems, Vieweg Sohn, Wiesbaden, Germany, 1987, p. 385. 

TAZUKE IKEDA Novel Principle of Image Recording... 

The principle of image deconvolution is based on the same theory of the pseudo-WPOA but the procedure is different in the case of a defect stmcture. Replace in equation (5) with, which is the stmcture factor... 

K.H. Esbensen and T.T. Lied, Principles of image cross-validation (ICV) representative segmentation of image data structures, in Techniques and Applications of Hyperspectral Image Analysis, H. Grahn and P. Geladi (eds). Chap. 7. (155-180), John Wiley Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2007. 

Fig. 1. Principles of image recording, reading and erasing with an imaging plate (Ref.

The optical method is interesting not so much for any practical use in solving structures or performing Fourier synthesis as for its educative and demonstrative value it makes clear the physical principles of image formation. 

Chapter 1 is concerned with the fundamental principles of image formation by a lens. These principles were first formulated by Ernst Abbe in 1873 and are basic to the chapters that follow. According to the Abbe theory, the image of an illuminated object is the result of a twofold diffraction process. First, the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of the object is formed in the back focal plane of the lens. Second, the light waves travel... 

This chapter describes briefly the basic construction and characteristics of the modern transmission electron microscope and discusses its principal modes of operation. Because the electron microscope is an analogue of the optical (or light) microscope, we also consider briefly the basic features of the optical microscope this will also provide a link with our earlier discussion of the optical principles of image formation by a lens. 

Figure 14.1. Schematic diagram showing the principle of image formation and diffraction in the transmission electron microscope. The incident beam/o illuminates the specimen. Scattered and unscattered electrons are collected by the objective lens and foeused back to form first an electron diffraction pattern and then an image. For a 2D or 3D crystal, the electron-diffraetion pattern would show a lattice of spots, eaeh of whose intensity is a small fraetion of that of the incident beam. In praetiee, an in-focus image has no eontrast, so images are recorded with the objeetive lens slightly defocused to take advantage of the out-of-focus phase-contrast mechanism.

P.G. Andrus and F.W. Hudson, "Principles of Image Transfer and Fixation," Chapter 14 in "Xerography and Related Processes" (op. cit.). 

Multinuclear imaging techniques are being actively developed in a number of laboratories but there are as yet few reported applications to foods. Papers discussing the principles of imaging with deuterium,194 fluorine,197 carbon-13198 and sodium148,199 have appeared. 

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