Prime starch

One company in the United States has utilized the prime starch phenomena in a unique way. In this patented process,192 prime starch is recovered and marketed while... 

The chemical composition of isolated oat starch is given in Table 15.1. When an oat-flour slurry is centrifuged, the bottom layer is the prime starch. This starch can be purified with repeated washings, and a starch with a protein content of 0.44-0.6% and a lipid content of 0.67-1.11% (dry basis) can be obtained.10,27 The moisture, ash and nitrogen contents are similar to those of wheat, whereas the lipid content is higher than that of wheat, and the amylose content is lower.15... 

Wet-milling is aimed towards the production of refined starches. It is mainly practiced to obtain maize starch, although wheat and rice starches are also processed. The aim of wet milling is to obtain prime starch for the further production of modified starches or sweeteners. The wheat wet-milling industry also obtains vital gluten that is used as an important additive in the production of bakery products and other foods including processed meats. 

Recently, several investigators have proposed the use of fiber-degrading and/or proteolytic enzymes on preground S02-steeped kernels in order to lower steeping times without sacrificing yields of prime starch (Eckhoff and Tso 1991, Johnston... 

Why is most of the commercial prime starch used worldwide extracted from maize ... 

Compare flowcharts and processes commonly used to obtain prime starch from maize, wheat, and rice ... 

Protein content is one of the most important indicators of degree of starch refining. Prime starches usually contain less than 0.3% protein. 

Corn wet-milling Industrial process in which yellow dent corns are steeped in a solution containing sulfur dioxide and naturally occurring Lactobacillus and then wet-milled in order to release the starch granules and protein or gluten, which are separated due to their differences in density. The process yields prime starch, gluten, germ, pericarp, and solids of the steep liquor. 

A three-step nitration process of toluene is described. The advantages of the modified process are reduced waste, less hazardous operation, reduced oleum requirement, partial replacement of coned HN03 with dil HN03, and higher rate of toluene flow into the reactor (Ref 86) The continuous process of H.C. Prime (Ref 73) for preparing TNT was studied by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel with a starch binder and a fluorescent indicator. The nitration... 

There are five prime factors that determine the properties of starches 1. starch is a polymer of glucose (dextrose) 2. the starch polymer is of two types linear and branched 3 the linear polymeric molecules can associate with each other giving insolubility in water 4. the polymeric molecules are organized and packed into granules which are insoluble in water and 5 disruption of the granule structure is required to render the starch polymer dispersible in water. The modification of starch takes into account these factors. 

In agriculture and food, NIR has been a powerful tool for decades. All shipments of grain leaving US ports are analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, and starch via NIR. Processed foods are also a prime venue for NIR percent of fat in cheese spread, hardness of wheat, and freshness of meats are just some of the applications in food. 

Takahashi, S., and Seib, P. A. (1988). Paste and gel properties of prime corn and wheat starches with and without lipids. Cereal Chem. 65 474-483. 

Fidlar patented a flashlegs propellent explosive formed of nitrocellulose, starch, and dinitrotoluene. Grotta patented compound detonators with a priming charge formed of mercury fulminate, a heavy-metal azide, and a secondary charge formed of a mixture of equal amounts of Tetryl and potassium chlorate. 

DNAN forms colorless crystals with a melting point of 120 Celsius. It is fairly soluble in hot water, hot ethanol, methanol, and acetone. It is less soluble in cold water, cold ethanol, and insoluble in chloroform, benzene, ether, and petroleum ether. DNAN is somewhat hygroscopic, and moisture slowly decomposes it—should be stored in a desiccator. A small sample bums leaving a residue of carbon when ignited—a small sample can be detonated by the blow of a hammer. DNAN can be used in explosive compositions when alloyed with TNT, or other low melting secondary explosives, gun propellants with nitrocellulose, nitro starch, or nitroglycerine, and rocket propellants when mixed with ammonium perchlorate. DNAN also demonstrates usefulness for priming mixtures with lead azide, lead styphnate, or diazodinitrophenol, and for use in fireworks. ... 

Silver NENA forms a chalky white solid, which decomposes when heated to 120 Celsius. It darkens on exposure to light, and should be stored in amber glass bottles in a refrigerator. Silver NENA is used in blasting caps as a substitute for lead azide, diazodinitrophenol, or lead styphnate. It has applications for use in priming mixtures as a substitute for mercury fulminate or sulfur nitride, or admixed with sulfur nitride. Silver NENA should be desensitized by mixing with dextrose, starch, pectin, gelatin, or paraffins. 

NTA forms hygroscopic crystals or powder, which are soluble in water, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and ether. It is used in blasting caps and detonators when mixed with RDX, making demolition charges when admixed with nitrocellulose or nitro starch, and in priming mixtures with lead styphnate, lead azide, or diazodinitrophenol. NTA is acidic and readily forms salts... 

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