Pressurized Boiling Water Density Studies

Pressurized Boiling Water Density Studies - H. H. Hooker, 

Redesign, testing and calibration of some parts of the density measurement equipment for the supercritical loop was completed and preliminary data were taken at the following conditions  

Pressure Inlet velocity Heat flux Steam quality 

Values of slip ratio were calculated from the data. These values ranged from 0,80 to 1.20. The expected slip ratio at 2000 psia is 1.0 and the variation in the calculated values is probably due to two reasons  

Slip ratio is very sensitive to measured density. A 10% er = ror in density could cause a 100% error in void fraction with a resulting 20% change in slip ratio. The effect of errors in measured density vary, depending upon the value of quality. At low qualities, the error in density measurement affects the slip ratio more than the same percentage density error at high qualities. Values of slip ratio less than one do not necessarily indicate that the stea,m is lagging behind the water. These values merely reflect the scatter of the data. 

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Only a few contributions of Mendeleeff, apart from the periodic law, can be mentioned. In a study of the thermal expansion of liquids he proposed the empirical formula Di=Dq i -kt), where D = density, temperature. In a study of surface tension he concluded that at the temperature at which a liquid changes to vapour regardless of pressure and volume (which he called the absolute boiling-point ), the cohesion and heat of vaporisation become zero , a recognition of the criticial point before Andrews (1863). Mendeleeff also recognised a relation between the molecular cohesion of a liquid and its chemical reactivity. The esterification of an alcohol by an acid occurs in such a way that the sum of the molecular cohesions of the products of the reaction (ester + water) is much greater than that of the reacting substances, an idea later applied to the influence of solvents. 

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