Preparative chromatography productivity

Affinity chromatography is used in the preparation of more highly purified Factor IX concentrates (53—55) as well as in the preparation of products such as antithrombin III [9000-94-6] (56,57). Heparin [9005-49-6], a sulfated polysaccharide (58), is the ligand used most commonly in these appHcations because it possesses specific binding sites for a number of plasma proteins (59,60). 

Other modes of operation, including recycle and flow reversal schemes and continuous chromatography, are discussed in Ganetsos and Barker (Preparative and Production Scale Chromatography, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993). 

K. Hostettmann, A. Marston and M. Hostettmann, Preparative Chromatography Techniques Applications in Natural Product Isolation, 2nd Edn, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998. ISBN 3540624597. 

There are many advantages of the SMB technology compared to batch preparative chromatography. The process is continuous and the solvent requirement is minimal compared to batch. In SMB, the whole stationary phase is used for the separation while in batch chromatography only a small part of the column is involved in the separation. This allows optimization of productivity with respect to the stationary phase. 

Preparative chromatography has been used for chiral separations for years, but examples of multi-kg separations (and hence larger ones) were rare until recently. The development of SMB techniques (both hardware and simulation software) has made major breakthroughs in this field. The ability of SMB as a development tool has allowed the pharmaceutical manufacturer to obtain kilo grams quantities of enantiopure drug substances as well benefit from the economics of large-scale production. 

Sometimes it is possible to separate them by preparative chromatography but these two side products do not interfere in the following reaction. 

Preparative and Production Scale Chromatography, edited by G. Ganetsos and P. E. Barker... 

Ruthven, D.M. and Ching, C.B. (1993) Modeling of chromatographic processes. Preparative and production scale chromatography. In Chromatographic Science Series, Vol. 61. Eds. Ganetos, G., Barker,... 

Sardin M,Schweich D,Villermaux J (1993) In Ganestos G, Barker PE (eds) Preparative and production scale chromatography. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 477-521... 

Balannec B, Hotier G (1993) From batch to countercurrent chromatography. In Ganetsos G, Barker PE (eds) Preparative and Production Scale Chromatography, Marcel Decker, New... 

This is an important basic equation for elution chromatography. Although the equation needs modification to cope with the wide, concentrated, feed bands of preparative and production chromatography(11), it shows how separation is controlled by the parameters a, k and N. The great power of chromatography as a separation process lies in the high values that can readily be achieved for a and N. 

The distinction between preparative and production chromatography is sometimes drawn in terms of the scale of operation though it is really a matter of purpose. The... 

Ganetsos, G. and Barker, P. E. Preparative And Production Scale Chromatography (Marcel Dekker, 1993) Hamada, J. S. J. Chromatogr. 760 (1997) 81. Large-scale high-performance liquid chromatography of enzymes for food applications. (Review)... 

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