Preparation of three-dimensional

Silanetriols have been useful building blocks for the preparation of three-dimensional metallasiloxanes. The presence of a metal in the metallasi-loxane framework not only makes these compoimds thermally stable but also improves their catalytic properties. Similarly, silica surfaces act as hosts for numerous transition metal complexes, which are known to catalyze a variety of organic transformations (43). 

Enormous amounts of research over the past two decades have been devoted to the preparation of three-dimensional porphyrin-based systems such as the so-called capped porphyrins (e.g., 5.105), picket-fence porphyrins (e.g., 5.106),... 

Such a structure provides highly uniform porous nature. This is the most important point. For example, the uniform reaction may occur in all the pores. A higher mechanical strength may be realized from ordered stmcture. Especially, two-dimensional electrochemical reactions are strongly enhanced by using three-dimensionally ordered porous materials, as mentioned above. In other words, two-dimensional electrochemical reactions are converted to pseudo three-dimensional ones. This procedure is useful for practical applications. Presently, preparation of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous materials is not so easy due to low mechanical strength and the presence of minor defects. More extensive research will be carried out in the near future. 

Many synthetic procedures exist for the preparation of three-dimensional polymers. These are polymerization and polycondensation of bifunctional (polyfiinctional) monomers, connection of reactive ends of linear chains into an entire network, or crosslinking of preformed polymeric chains by involving their reactive functional groups or additional cross-agents. Each of these methods imparts a specific topology and, hence, special properties to a network. 

M. Mazur, Preparation of three-dimensional polymeric stmetures using gas bubbles as templates, J. Phys. Chem. C, 112(35), 13528-13534 (2008). 

Miki, K. Inamoto, Y. Inoue, S. Uno, T. Itoh, T. Kubo, M., Preparation of Three-Dimensional Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with Movable Cross-Linking. J. Polym. Sci., Part A Polym. Chem. 2009,47,5882-5890. 

The field of dendritic architectures, as a general class of macromolecules, has found widespread interest in the past decades. Much has been achieved in the preparation of three-dimensional stractures such as comb- and star-shaped polymers and dendrimers. These materials have comparable physical and chemical properties to their linear analogous that make them very attractive for numerous applications [1-4]. 

K. Seki and S. Kitagawa, Preparation of three-dimensional metal complexes as adsorbents and... 

Hoshina, K., and Kanamura, K. (2005) Preparation of three dimensionally ordered macroporous Lio.ssLao.ssTiOs by colloidal crystal templating process. Solid State Ionics, 176, 2345-2348. 

Fang, J., Xuan, Y., and Li, Q. (2011) Preparation of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous perovskite materials. Chin. Sd. Bull, 56, 2156-2161. 

Sadakane, M., Sasaki, K., Nakamura, H., Yamamoto, T., Ninomiya, W., and Ueda, W. (2012) Important property of polymer spheres for the preparation of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) metal oxides by the ethylene glycol method the glass-transition temperature. Langmuir, 51, 17766-17770. 

Jiang, C. and Lin, X. (2007) Preparation of three-dimensional composite of poly(Af-acetylaniline) nanorods/platinum nanoclusters and electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. Journal of Power Sources,... 

In addition to two-dimensional macrocycles, a number of research groups are actively pursuing the preparation of three-dimensional cage structures due to tremendous current interest in the generation of Ceo fullerene precursors. In 1996, Rubin and coworkers reported the synthesis of cyclophane 69 (Fig. 6.7) [28]. Crys-... 

IIL PREPARATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL HIERARCHICAL POROUS ELECTRO-DEPOSITS... 

Jeong, M.-G. Zhuo, K. Cherevko, S. Kim, W.-J. Chung, C.-H. Facile preparation of three-dimensional porous hydrous ruthenium oxide electrode for supercapacitors. J. Power Sources 2013, 244, 806-811. 

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