Precursors for aqueous and liquid-based

Precursors for Aqueous and Liquid-Based Processing of Ferroelectric Thin Films... 

Generation and alkylation or other reactions of, e.g., organic oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur anions are efficiently carried out using PTC methodology. The kind of base and system used depends on the acidity of the precursors. Phenols are readily O-alkylated in the presence of potassium carbonate in liquid-solid systems, whereas for aliphatic alcohols use of stronger bases such as concentrated aqueous NaOH is necessary ... 

Liquid crystalline mesophases can also be prepared in non-aqueous solution. Using ethanolic solutions of non-ionic block copolymers as a medium, Zhao et for example, have developed a route by which mesoporous metal phosphates and borates can readily be prepared. A mixture of the metal alkoxide and the acidic chloride is used to give a complex in ethanolic solution. This acid-base pair reacts in one component of the liquid crystalline assembly to give a mesophase solid of uniform composition. Evaporation of the ethanol leaves the mesostructure. This appears to be one of the most promising routes to the formation of non-silica mesoporous solids. Many reports of these solids have appeared, particularly of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide, but loss of ordering on the mesoscale frequently occurs upon template removal. The route of Sanchez, which involves the use of titanate precursor species in the sol-gel, is a promising approach to stable mesostructured titania that retains its porosity. 

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