Pre-Galactic

In recent years, intensive efforts have been made to improve the determination of the pre-Galactic helium abundance (generally assumed to be the same as FP) and AF/AZ from observations of extragalactic H II regions. Advantages of this method are ... 

Figure 8 also shows the evolution of the Li abundance in a standard model of galactic chemical evolution. In the case of Li, new data [77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82] lie a factor - 1000 above the BBN predictions [83], and fail to exhibit the dependence on metallicity expected in models based on nucleosynthesis by Galactic cosmic rays [84, 85, 86]. On the other hand, the Li abundance may be explained by pre-Galactic Population-Ill stars, without additional overproduction of Li [87, 88]. Some exotic solutions to both lithium problems involving particle decays in the early universe have been proposed [89, 90, 91, 92, 93,94, 95,96,97,98], but that goes beyond the scope of this review. 

Table 2. Pre-Galactic concentrations in the Alamosa River below the mouth of Wightman Fork (AR 45.4)...

Monte Carlo Simulation of Pre-Galactic and Pre-Mining Chemistry... 

The pre-Galactic water quality for copper and zinc during 11 (Figures 6-7) likely represent the worst-case seasonal values in the Alamosa downstream of Wightman Fork. Chopper concentrations show a pronounced effect of the iron oxide partitioning in the water column and well as reduced transport of ct per due to retention by stream sediments. 

Concentrations of dissolved and total zinc were nearly identical and indicated the limited partitioning of zinc to the iron oxides at pH conditions in the Alamosa River (<7.0) for the pre-Galactic scenario. While the concentration of total copper is reduced by 82% firom Wightman Fork to Terrace Reservoir through combined adsorption (to bed sediments) and dilution, the zinc concentration is reduced 1 47%. Zinc and copper are both removed to the bed sediments, although zinc is removed less efficiently. If pH were in the range of 7.S-8.0 in the system, both zinc and copper adsorption would be enhanced and the associated dissolved metal in the water column would be decreased further. 

Figure 6. Simulated Pre-Galactic copper concentrations during fall.

Medine, A. J. Technical Assessment of Pre-Mining and Pre-Galactic Water Quality for Wightman Fork and the Alamosa River. USEPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, 1997. 

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