Potential of hydration

Chemical potential of hydrate lattice, 22 Chlorine, frequency, 189 hydrate, 3... 

Figure 5 shows pn distributions for spherical observation volumes calculated from computer simulations of SPC water. For the range of solute sizes studied, the In pn values are found to be closely parabolic in n. This result would be predicted from the flat default model, as shown in Figure 5 with the corresponding results. The corresponding excess chemical potentials of hydration of those solutes, calculated using Eq. (7), are shown in Figure 6. As expected, /x x increases with increasing cavity radius. The agreement between IT predictions and computer simulation results is excellent over the entire range d < 0.36 nm that is accessible to direct determinations of po from simulation.

The state of unit activity of hydrated proton at the standard temperature 25X and pressure 1 atm. In elecfrodiemistry of aqueous solution, the scale of chemical potential for hydrated ions takes as the reference zero the standard chemical potential of hydrated protons at unit activity in addition the standard stable state energy of element atoms is set equal to zero. 

Fig. S-14. Energy change in hydration of A ions p = outer potential of aqueous solution x = surface potential Pa (.,) il A <.q)) = unitary electrochemic (chemical) potential of hydrated A ions Oa ( i) unitary real potential of hydrated A ions = Pa ( )-zex( ...

The real potential of hydrated metal ions given in Eqn. 4-24 depends... 

In electrochemistry, the chemical potential of hydrated ions has been determined from the equilibrium potential of ion transfer reactions referred to the normal hydrogen electrode. For the reaction of metal ion transfer (metal dissolution-deposition reaction) of Eqns. 6-16 and 6-17, the standard equilibriiun potential Sive in terms of the standard chemical potential, li, by Eqn. 

It follows from Eqn. 6-22 that the standard chemical potential of hydrated ions determined from the standard equilibrium potential of the ion transfer reaction is a relative value that is to the standard chemical potential of hydrated protons at unit activity, which, by convention in aqueous electrochemistry, is assigned a value of zero on the electrodiemical scale of ion levels. 

Figure 9-1 illustrates the energy barrier to the transfer of metallic ions across the electrode interface these energy barriers are represented by two potential energy curves, and their intersection, for surface metal ions in the metallic bond and for hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution. As described in Chaps. 3 and 4, the energy level (the real potential, a. ) of interfadal metal ions in the metallic bonding state depends upon the electrode potential whereas, the energy level (the real potential, of hydrated metal ions is independent of the electrode potential. 

Fig. 9-1. Potential energy profile for transferring metal ions across an interface of metal electrode M/S py. = metal ion level (electrochemical potential) x = distance fiom an interface au. = real potential of interfacial metal ions = real potential of hydrated metal ions - compact layer (Helmholtz layer) V = outer potential of solution S, curve 1 = potential energy of interfadal metallic ions curve 2 = potential energy of hydrated metal ions.

The potential of hydrates to become a factor in the energy supply system is discussed in the recent work by Max et al. (2006). Moridis discusses the efforts to classify hydrate reservoirs according to their production potential and uses a reservoir simulation package to establish the reservoir potential (Moridis, 2003 2004 Moridis et al. 2005). Poladi-Darvish... 

Kim SK, Lee W, Herschbach DR (1996) Cluster beam chemistry Hydration of nucleic acid bases ionization potentials of hydrated adenine and thymine. Journal of Physical Chemistry 100 7933-7937. 

An example of different iron-coordination environments, which alter the chemical properties of iron, is the difference in the redox potentials of hydrated Fe- and the electron-transport protein cytochrome c (Table 1.4). The coordina-... 

Table 4. Redox potentials of hydrated and complexed M /M" couple in solution.

The dependence of cluster potential on nuclearity was obtained by changing the reference potential in a series of redox monitors (Table 5). The redox potentials of hydrated silver clusters are seen to increase with n. The data in Fig. 11 indicate that, at least for the redox properties of silver clusters, the transition between the meso-... 

Figure 4-T Excess chemical potential of hydration of the rare gases in ambient water.

Figure 4.1 illustrates the RISM approach for the chemical potential of hydration of rare gas atoms in ambient water. As expected, the RISM/HNC equations overestimate the hydrophobicity of the rare gases, and give a positive dependence of the hydration chemical potential on... 

The application of classic double layer model to the cement pastes is questionable because the surface in this case is not in thermodynamic equilibrium. The surface of cement grains reacts continuously with water and, as a result, the releasing of different ions into the liquid phase occurs and the surface charge varies all the time. Therefore opposite to the classic double layer its irmer part changes continuously. For this reason appeared the concept to replace the classic potential by the dynamic potential, which is changing continuously dining the hydration process [26]. However, the potential of hydrating cement is often measured and an example of these measurements results is shown in Fig. 5.18 [27]. 

Fig. 5.18 potential of hydrating cement paste as a function of time and initial pH of the liquid phase, (according to [27])... 

Monolithic materials based on doloma that are used for lining maintenance are typically classified as gunning materials and/or hot patching products. Doloma-based gunning materials are applied when the furnace, ladle, etc. is hot to minimize the potential of hydration. Hot patching materials based on doloma, magnesia, and organic resin systems are also utilized for maintenance of electric fiunace hearths, BOF vessels, and ladles. 

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