Potassium tolerance

Adam WR and Dawboen JK (1972a) Potassium tolerance in rats. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 50 (Pt. 

It cannot be stated as yet whether the protective effects of GSH are due to the activity of the -SH group, since conclusive tests with thiols other than GSH have not been made. The protection does not depend upon blood -SH level at the time of challenge, since this returns to normal more rapidly than the potassium tolerance does so that mice tested at the fourth hour are highly resistant to potassium but have normal blood -SH (8). This does not rule out the possibility of the persistence of high -SH levels in other tissues as a necessary element in the protective effect. Nor are the results of our experiments in conflict with suggestions, like that of Binkley (10), which emphasize the importance of the nonsulfurous parts of GSH in mechanisms of cation exchange by the tissues. 

Simple ABO compounds in addition to BaTiO are cadmium titanate [12014-14-17, CdTiO lead titanate [12060-00-3] PbTiO potassium niobate [12030-85-2] KNbO sodium niobate [12034-09-2], NaNbO silver niobate [12309-96-5], AgNbO potassium iodate [7758-05-6], KIO bismuth ferrate [12010-42-3], BiFeO sodium tantalate, NaTaO and lead zirconate [12060-01 -4], PbZrO. The perovskite stmcture is also tolerant of a very wide range of multiple cation substitution on both A and B sites. Thus many more complex compounds have been found (16,17), eg, (K 2 i/2) 3 ... 

Potassium Sulfate. Potassium sulfate is a preferred form of potash for crops that have a low tolerance for chloride. Tobacco and potatoes ate two such crops. K2SO4 is produced most often from langbeinite by metathetical reaction in aqueous solution ... 

Ferrous Sulfdte Titration. For deterrnination of nitric acid in mixed acid or for nitrates that are free from interferences, ferrous sulfate titration, the nitrometer method, and Devarda s method give excellent results. The deterrnination of nitric acid and nitrates in mixed acid is based on the oxidation of ferrous sulfate [7720-78-7] by nitric acid and may be subject to interference by other materials that reduce nitric acid or oxidize ferrous sulfate. Small amounts of sodium chloride, potassium bromide, or potassium iodide may be tolerated without serious interference, as can nitrous acid up to 50% of the total amount of nitric acid present. Strong oxidizing agents, eg, chlorates, iodates, and bromates, interfere by oxidizing the standardized ferrous sulfate. 

Aminosalicylic acid and its salts have been used in the treatment of tuberculosis, Aminosalicylic acid can be prepared by the carboxylation of m- am in oph en o1 (32). Aminosalicylic acid USP assays not less than 98.5% and not more than 100.5%, calculated on the anhydrous basis. The antitubercular agents are likely to be used as the more tolerated salts calcium [133-15-3] potassium [133-09-5] sodium [133-10-8] and the ethyl [6069-17-2] and phenyl [133-11-9] esters of -aminosalicylic acid. 

In an attempt to conserve sodium, the kidney secretes renin increased plasma renin activity increases the release of aldosterone, which regulates the absorption of potassium and leads to kafluresis and hypokalemia. Hypokalemia is responsible in part for decreased glucose intolerance (82). Hyponatremia, postural hypotension, and pre-renal azotemia are considered of tittle consequence. Hypemricemia and hypercalcemia are not unusual, but are not considered harmful. However, hypokalemia, progressive decreased glucose tolerance, and increased semm cholesterol [57-88-5] levels are considered... 

Consider a lake with a smaU watershed in a forest ecosystem. The forest and vegetation can be considered as an acid concentrator. SO2, NO2, and acid aerosol are deposited on vegetation surfaces during dry periods and rainfalls they are washed to the soil floor by low-pH rainwater. Much of the acidity is neutralized by dissolving and mobilizing minerals in the soil. Aluminum, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium are leached from the soil into surface waters. The ability of soils to tolerate acidic deposition is very dependent on the alkalinity of the soil. The soil structure in the... 

Many types of functional groups are tolerated in a Suzuki reaction, and the yields are often good to very good. The presence of a base, e.g. sodium hydroxide or sodium/potassium carbonate, is essential for this reaction. The base is likely to be involved in more than one step of the catalytic cycle, at least in the transmetal-lation step. Proper choice of the base is important in order to obtain good results." In contrast to the Heck reaction and the Stille reaction, the Suzuki reaction does not work under neutral conditions. 

A biopolymer produced by a particular strain of bacteria is becoming widely used as a substitute for clay in low-solids muds. Since the polymer is attacked readily by bacteria, a bactericide such as paraformaldehyde or a chlorinated phenol also must be used with the biopolymer. The system has more stable properties than the extended bentonite system, because biopolymer exhibits good rheological properties in its own right, and has a better tolerance to salt and calcium. The system can be formulated to include salt, such as potassium chloride. Such a system, however, would then be classed as a nondispersed inhibitive fluid. 

Lead is not particularly resistant to alkalis, but in some cases the corrosive action of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide can be tolerated (KOH to 50% and up to 60°C, NaOH to 30% and 25°C, 10% and 90°C) The rapid attack of lime solutions is discussed earlier also see Section 19.3). 

Solid alkalis Solid alkalis may be used, in principle, for the corrosion control of drum boilers at all pressures but other factors, e.g. carryover or hideout a (reversible disappearance from solution on-load), may preclude them in some cases. However, they are used for feed-line treatment only in lower pressure plant where the boiler has increased tolerance to the higher solids burden which their use entails. Sodium hydroxide or, at very low pressures, sodium carbonate, (which is hydrolysed to the hydroxide at boiler temperatures) have been used, as have potassium and lithium hydroxides and various phosphate mixtures. (For a comparison of various alkalis for this purpose see References.)... 

Thiazide and related diuretics, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, triamterene Avoid exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light (sunlamps, tanning beds) because exposure may cause exaggerated sunburn (photosensitivity reaction). Wear sunscreen and protective clothing until tolerance is determined. 

Solutions that contain sodium citrate/citric acid (Shohl s solution and Bicitra) provide 1 mEq/L (1 mmol/L) each of sodium and bicarbonate. Polycitra is a sodium/potassium citrate solution that provides 2 mEq/L (2 mmol/L) of bicarbonate, but contains 1 mEq/L (1 mmol/L) each of sodium and potassium, which can promote hyperkalemia in patients with severe CKD. The citrate portion of these preparations is metabolized in the liver to bicarbonate, while the citric acid portion is metabolized to C02 and water, increasing tolerability compared to sodium bicarbonate. Sodium retention is also decreased with these preparations. However, these products are liquid preparations, which may not be palatable to some patients. Citrate can also promote aluminum toxicity by augmenting aluminum absorption in the GI tract. 

IV use should be limited to patients who have severe hypokalemia, signs and symptoms of hypokalemia, or inability to tolerate oral therapy. Potassium should be administered in saline because dextrose can stimulate... 

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate is a cation-exchange resin suitable for asymptomatic patients with mild to moderate hyperkalemia. Each gram of resin exchanges 1 mEq of sodium for 1 mEq of potassium. The sorbitol component promotes excretion of exchanged potassium by inducing diarrhea. The oral route is better tolerated and more effective than the rectal route. 

In Phase I clinical trials with stable renal transplant patients, FTY720 led to a transient reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes whilst being well-tolerated. Treatment was associated with a mild reduction in heart rate that was maximal 6 h after the first dose and returned to baseline with continuous treatment [52,53]. The mild effect on heart rate is believed to arise from SlPj and/or SlP3-mediated activation of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in atrial myocytes [54-56]. 

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