Positive ions, names

The names of some common ions appear in Table 2-3. You will need to know the names and formulas of these frequently encountered ions. They can be used to write the formulas and names of many ionic compounds. We write the formula of an ionic compound by adjusting the relative numbers of positive and negative ions so their total charges cancel (i.e., add to zero). The name of an ionic compound is formed by giving the names of the ions, with the positive ion named first. 

Ionic compounds arc composed of cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions). The cation is always named first, and then the anion is named. The name of the cation does not depend on the nature of the anion, and the name of the anion does not depend on the nature of the cation. 

Naming of the positive ion depends on whether the cation is monatomic (has one atom). If not, the special names given in Sec. 6.3.2 are used. If the cation is monatomic, the name depends on whether the element forms more than one positive ion in its compounds. For example, sodium forms only one positive ion in all its compounds—NaT Iron forms two positive ions—Fc2r and Fe,+. Cations of elements that form only one type of ion in all their compounds need not be further identified in the name. Thus, Na may simply be called the sodium ion. Cations of metals that occur with two or more different charges must be further identified. Fe(NO,)2 and Fe(NO,)3 occur with Fc2+ and Fe3 ions, respectively. If we just call the ion the iron ion, we will not know which one it is. Therefore, for monatomic cations, we use a Roman numeral in parentheses attached to the name to tell the charge on such ion. (Actually, oxidation numbers are used for this purpose, but if you have... 

The theory of Benedek35) also must be regarded as semi-empirical. The authors treat the ys of alkali halide crystals as a sum of three terms, namely y+, y, and yb. The first component represents the energy required to separate the positive ions, and the second the analogous work for the anions. Both are calculated more or less ab initio. On the other hand, the expression for yb, i.e., the thermal contribution, has no theoretical foundation. It is... 

Fig. 3.9. Single-ion monitoring mass chromatogram (m/z 443, dwell time 500 ms) obtained in the positive-ion mode during the sequential step sampling (30 s sampling time) of four separate bands from developed spots (0.4 p each) of differing amounts of rhodamine 6G, namely, 0 (blank solvent), 1.4, 14 and 145 ng. Reprinted with permission from G. J. Van Berkel et al. [88],...

Uronium like ammonium is the correct term for the positive ion that is derived from urea by the addition of a proton or another positive ion [91—94]. Hence, the correct name for urea nitrate would be uronium nitrate. 

In the presence of oxygen, the lifetimes of both radical ion pairs (i.e., ZnP +-C6o and ZnP +-H2P-C6o ) are decreased significantly due to oxygen-catalyzed back-electron transfer (BET) processes between Ceo and ZnP " [76]. The catalytic participation of O2 in an intramolecular BET between Ceo and ZnP + in ZnP-linked Ceo is depicted in Scheme 6 [76]. The intermolecular ET from Ceo to O2 is facilitated by the partial coordination of O2 to ZnP " in the transient state (denoted as in Scheme 6) [76]. Consequently, the one-electron reduction potential of the resulting 02 is shifted toward positive values, namely in favor of the ET event. The strong coordination of O2 to Zn(II) ion has been well established [77]. The complexation is then followed by a rapid intramolecular... 

Ionizing radiation, as the term implies, defines those radiations that interact with matter by the production of charged particles, namely electrons and residual positive ions. 

In order to explain the change of the heat of formation with the change of the radius of the positive ion, the following facts must be taken into consideration. Two of the quantities occurring in the formula for the heat of formation, namely ionization energy and heat of sublimation, are related to the positive ions. Two more, dissociation energy and electron affinity, are related to the negative ion only,... 

Listed in the paragraphs that follow are the names, symbols, and usual electrical charges for 30 common positive ions, and the names and formulas for 37 common acids that are frequently mentioned in this text. You should memorize these so as to have them at instant recall the use of flash cards or other foreign-language learning aids is recommended (computer-generated drill programs also are helpful). Aside from the direct intrinsic value of these names and formulas, you can reason out from them the names and formulas of almost 50 bases and over 1600 different salts, none of which should be memorized. 

If the acid does not contain oxygen, the salt is named by replacing the acid prefix hydro- by the name of the positive ion and changing the suffix -ic to -ide for example,... 

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