Porosity surface functional groups

For the electrocatalytic application of carbon materials, apart from their crys-talhnity and porosity, their surface chemistry is also of importance. XPS and NEXAFS are both capable of determining the surface functional groups on the carbon surface. In XPS, the sample is irradiated with X-rays ejecting photoelectrons into... 

The oxide surface has structural and functional groups (sites) which interact with gaseous and soluble species and also with the surfaces of other oxides and bacterial cells. The number of available sites per unit mass of oxide depends upon the nature of the oxide and its specific surface area. The specific surface area influences the reactivity of the oxide particularly its dissolution and dehydroxylation behaviour, interaction with sorbents, phase transformations and also, thermodynamic stability. In addition, specific surface area and also porosity are crucial factors for determining the activity of iron oxide catalysts. 

Some industries practice ion exchange in nonaqueous systems. These solvents may cause resin particles to shrink or swell. Shrinkage has a negative effect on the kinetics, whereas swelling opens up the structure and improves migration of those constituents to be adsorbed. Microporous resins usually do not work well in nonaqueous systems because of the disappearance of porosity. Macroporous resins, however, are more satisfactory in these systems since porosity is retained even if the resins are dried completely. More functional groups on outer and inner surfaces are available for exchange as a result of the... 

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