Porosity calculated

Yu, A.B. and Standish, N., 1987. Porosity calculations of multi-component mixtures of spherical particles. Powder Technology, 52, 233-241. 

Porosity Calculated from dimensions, basis wt., and skeletal density ... 

Porosity calculations from density measurements have also been applied to granulations prepared using different processes. The method of granulation, such as the type of adjuvant used [64] or the amount of granulation liquid [74], was found to change the bulk density and porosity of the material. Consequently, the compression and flow properties of the materials were also different. 

Note that the fractal dimensions discussed here are the fractal dimensions of the excitation transfer paths connecting the hydration centers located on the inner surface of the pores. Due to the low humidity, all of the water molecules absorbed by the materials are bound to these centers. The paths of the excitation transfer span along the fractal pore surface and depict the backbone of clusters formed by the pores on a scale that is larger than the characteristic distance between the hydration centers on the pore surface. Thus the fractal dimension of the paths Dp approximates the real surface fractal dimension in the considered scale interval. For random porous structures, Dp can be also associated with the fractal dimension D, of the porous space Dp = Dr. Therefore, the fractal dimension Dp can be used for porosity calculations in the framework of the fractal models of the porosity. 

The relative density, porosity and the strength of the porous AI2O3 ceramic is about 61.59 %, 37.04 % and 31.0 MPa, respectively. The porosity calculated from the relative density is almost the same as the date given by the Archimedes method. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that most of the pores are open, which is useful as the scaffolds. The porosity and strength of the porous AI2O3 ceramic are both suitable for hard tissue repair applications. 

MOCVD metal organic chemical vapour deposition MBE molecule beam epitaxy P value is reduced by a factor of 2.8 to take into account the tablet porosity Calculated in this work from experimental data presented in original publications... 

An AIN ceramic substrate contains 0.05 vol% porosity. Calculate the thermal conductivity of the ceramic at room temperature. 

Fig. 5.35 Strength vs. porosity relationship (porosity calculated as a ratio of pore volume to total volume of sample) (according to [80]). Portland cement paste cured at 25 °C empirical formulas ...

Finally, using the value of porosity calculated above, all terms for substitution in Equation 5.7 are available and, thus... 

Alternative packing arrangements with fraction of solids, 0 (where 1 - is fraction of porosity) calculated for different coordination numbers, have been considered by Meissner, Michaels, and Kaiser (130), who cited earlier similar considerations by Heesch and Laves (131) and Manegold, Hoffman, and SoTf (132). Meissner proposed a general equation... 

Table 1 Parameters obtained from gas adsorption-desorption analysis after low- and high-current-density anodization and after static thermal oxidation in air porosity calculated gravimetrically and from total pore volume author s data) ...

For HSQ and MSQ films, swelling was not observed in the presence of the toluene. However, in some cases preciable swelling can occur, which affects the porosity calculations. This is tractable though since X-ray reflectivity provides an accurate measurement of the film thickness (in addition to Qc. In fact, matrix swelling may be desirable since it ensures that the toluene has access to all the pores (no blocked pores). By assuming volume conservation as toluene adsorbs/absorbs into the low k film, can be determined from the changes in and film thickness as follows ... 

AB Yu, N Standish, A McLean. Porosity calculation of binary mixtures of nonspherical particles. J Am Ceram Soc 76 2813-2816, 1993. 

Clay porosity is estimated with the method presented in the section Clay porosity calculation with density tool" The results of this modelling are presented in figure 6. The porosity law deteimumd as a function of effective pressure is ... 

X-ray diffraction measurements revealed that the films are crystallized between 400° C and 500°C. The porosities calculated from the refractive index was 18.5% and 20.5% for... 

Standard isotherm admittedly do not yield the surface area value by themselves. However, they are probably the most useful of the methods of analysis. The question as to why one would use an analysis that does not yield a value for the surface area may seem puzzling. First, there are times when all one really needs is a relative value. Second, the isotherms are useful for extrapolation and as input into various theories, such as porosity calculations. Most absolute numbers for surface area from these isotherms refer back to the BET equation for standardization. With a good standard, one can obtain values for surface area and porosity. 

However, the amount of information is incredibly high. Statistical methods are available when using commercial software but they are often not really suitable for membranologists who want to study mass transfer. For example, the porosity, calculated using Equation (10.4), takes into account all pores (with a pore size higher than the voxel size) both closed pores and open pores. 

The optical properties and thickness of the films were quantified using spectroscopic ellipsometry (M-2000, J.A. Woollam). Film porosity was calculated from the Bruggemann effective medium approximation (BEMA) model [11,54], assuming that only two phases existed amorphous silica and voids. The refractive index of the film was determined and directly translated into the film porosity, knowing the refractive index of the wall framework. The wall was assumed to be solely amorphous silica with a reported refractive index of 1.458. The film porosity calculated was found to be in the range of 50-60%. 

Table I. Refractive indices and vol% porosities (calculated from the Lorentz-Lorenz relation [18]) for B2 and AAB films as a function of aging time normalized by the gelation time. Mass fractal dimension values are for sols aged for comparable normalized aging times.

The effective viscosity data from one of the six cores. Core A, are shown as a typical example (Fig. 15). When the polymer solution caused oil production, the water A/> determined at the original core saturation was no longer appropriate for calculating the effective viscosity. A correction step was used to adjust the water Ap to correspond to the new core saturation. The details of the correction method are discussed in the Appendix. The core saturation data, porosities, calculated water permeabilities, and pressure correction factors at each stage of the experiment are contained in Table 4. 

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