Pope Clement

In 1263, that is precisely what happened. The newly appointed Papal legate to England, Guido Fulcode, heard of Bacon through an intermediary, one Raymond de Laon. The monk of Oxford, Fulcode learned, was possessed of wonderful secrets, and the legate determined to correspond with him. By the time the two made contact, Fulcode had become Pope Clement IV and, once he deemed it safe to do so, had Bacon released in 1267 on the condition that he wrote all his discoveries down into one book. 

Valencia. He was a prolific writer, although, as with many of the great names in alchemy, some of the works attributed to him are spurious. He travelled widely and is perhaps the most important exponent of medical alchemy before Paracelsus. He is known to have treated Popes Clement V and Boniface VIII, although he was briefly imprisoned in Paris for his unorthodox (i.e. strongly magical and Kabbalistic) views on the Trinity. He is said to have possessed an elixir that aided rejuvenation and longevity. 

Although Bacon has been described as a physician rather than a chemist, we are indebted to him for many scientific discoveries. He was almost the only astronomer of his time and in this capacity rectified the Julian calendar which, although submitted to Pope Clement IV in 1267, was not put into practice until a later Papacy. He was responsible also for the physical analysis of convex glasses and lenses, the invention of spectacles and achromatic lenses, and if not for the actual constmction, at any rate for the theory of the telescope. As a student of chemistry he called attention to the chemical role played by air in combustion, and having carefully studied the properties of saltpetre, taught its purification by dissolution in water and by crystallisation. 

A black market developed for the yellow element to make black powder. Until then, sulfur had been only a curiosity to the esoteric alchemists. The Church set out to limit the spread of the WMD by keeping sulfur and the other gunpowder ingredients out of the hands of the infidels. In 1527, Pope Clement VII (1478 -1534) issued a papal bull excommunicating those who traded sulfur to Saracens, Turks and other enemies of the Christian name. Similar decrees were issued by Pope Paul III (1468 - 1549) and Pope Urban VIII (1568 - 1644). These Papal documents are the earliest, but not the last, examples of cartel control over the international trade of sulfur. 

Pope Clement VIII made exceedingly disparaging remarks about this queen which proved that he was not well informed about the state of England [(X)]. 

Taylor PB, Ashman S, Baddeley SM, Bartram SL, Battle CD, Bond BC, Clements YM, Gaul NJ, McAllister WE, Mostacero JA, Ramon F, Wilson JM, Hertzberg RP, Pope AJ, Macarron R (2002) J Biomol Screen 7 554... 

Clemente-Juan, J. M. Clemente-Leon, M. Coronado, E. Foment, A. Gaita, A. Gomez-Garcia, C. J. Martinez-Ferrero, E. In Polyoxometalate Chemistry for Nano-composite Design Yamase, T., Pope, M. T., Eds. Kluwer Academic/Plenum New York, 2002 pp 157-168. 

MacKeigan, J. P., Clements, C. M., Lich, J. D., Pope, R. M., Hod, Y, Sc Ting, J. P. (2003). Proteomic profiling drug-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung carcinoma Identification of RS/DJ-1 and RhoGDIalpha. Cancer Research, 63, 6928-6934. 

I think Conringius is twice mistaken Mariana did not assert that it is lawful to kill a prince who departs ever so slightly from the communion of Rome, or who is simply excommunicated and since his book pre-dated the assassination of Henry IV by more than ten years, he could not have been referring to Ravaillac. If, in other works, he had spoken of that monster, Ravaillac, as a saint no one would have failed to reproach the Jesuits on whatever occasion, after such works, they had advanced an account of the seditious maxims of Mariana. But I do not think that anyone ever did. A great distinction has always been made between Ravaillac and Jacques Clement. The latter received public approval, and some even sang his praises but Ravaillac never had any that I know of The reason for this is patently obvious Henry III had already been excommunicated when he was assassinated, but Henry IV had for a long time been reconciled with the Pope. 

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