Papal bull

Bull, papal, 95, 99 Bunsen burner, i 73 Burning, set Combustion Burning glass, 134... 

Papale P. and Polacci M. (1999) Role of carbon dioxide in the dynamics of magma ascent in explosive eruptions. Bull. Volcanol. 60, 583-594. 

The alum trade in those days was a most important one it even formed the subject of papal bulls and interdicts, and entered into the correspondence of kings, popes and cardinals. 

De Castro hastened to acquaint His Holiness with his discovery and the latter, after a little initial scepticism, saw in this discovery the hand of God. With true Christian charity he determined to employ the gift of God to His Glory in the Turkish War and exhorted all Christians henceforth to purchase alum only from him and not from the Turkish infidels. The mine was soon in operation and by 1463 some 8000 persons were engaged, and the papal treasury was enriched to the tune of some 100,000 ducats per annum. The following year Pope Paul 11, who succeeded Pius 11, launched a Bull excommunicating all who purchased alum from the unbelievers and thus set up a papal monopoly of alum in Europe. There was a rise in price and Charles the Bold decided in 1467 to allow his people to buy their alum anywhere they liked. This annoyed the Pope who threatened Charles with personal excommunication, and he capitulated. 

As the Crusades for the reconquest of the Holy Land were launched by papal bulls, so was this crusade for the reconquest of the spiritual purity of Christian Europe. The decrees of the Fourth Lateran Council were reshaped and redirected by a bull issued by Pope Innocent VIII on December 9, 1484. It read, in part, as follows ... 

Two years later, in i486, this papal bull was implemented by the publication of that famous manual for witch-hunters, the... 

We see here the hardening of attitudes to Arabian chemistry and philosophy that would ultimately result in the indictment of the Knights Templar. Pope John XXII issued his Papal Bull Spondent pariter in 1317, after the trial of the Knights Templar. It condemned all magic. 

The Papal Bulls alluded to by Wren are unknown and quite probably just part of the extensive folklore of the Magistri Comacini. They were active in Ravenna and Venice, although these cities show little evidence of the Romantic style. Ravenna is primarily Byzantine and Venice is Arabic without a single Romantic building. 

The lectures broke completely from tradition They were in German, not Latin, (we note that Luther also took the radical step of translating the Latin Bible into German), and the lectures contained more practical information than theory. Not only did Paracelsus dismiss the works of Galen and Avicenna, he is said to have tossed a copy of Avicenna s Canon into a student bonfire and expressed the hope that the author was in like circumstances. (Again we note the similarity to Luther. Luther, threatened with excommunication by an edict from the pope—z papal bull— solemnly and publicly burned the bull.)... 

A black market developed for the yellow element to make black powder. Until then, sulfur had been only a curiosity to the esoteric alchemists. The Church set out to limit the spread of the WMD by keeping sulfur and the other gunpowder ingredients out of the hands of the infidels. In 1527, Pope Clement VII (1478 -1534) issued a papal bull excommunicating those who traded sulfur to Saracens, Turks and other enemies of the Christian name. Similar decrees were issued by Pope Paul III (1468 - 1549) and Pope Urban VIII (1568 - 1644). These Papal documents are the earliest, but not the last, examples of cartel control over the international trade of sulfur. 

After an initial condemnation by the Dominicans at the end of the thirteenth century, a papal Bull issued in 1317 by Pope John XXII at the conclusion of an ofEcial disputation denounced alchemy as a fraud, a judgement confirmed by the Inquisition in 1396 in its Contra Alchymistas. 

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