Polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membrane

Khayet, M., Feng, C. Y., Khulbe, K. C., and Matsuura, T. (2002a). Preparation and characterization of polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membranes for ultrafiltration. Polymer 43, 2879. 

A. Mansourizadeh, A.F. Ismail, M.S. Abdullah, and B.C. Ng. (2010). Preparation of polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membranes for CO2 absorption using phase-inversion promoter additives, J. Memb. Sci. 355 200-207. 

Figure 5.4 SEM image of surface of a polyvinylidene fluoride hollow-fiber MF membrane from thermally induced-phase separation process.

Membrane contactors can be made out of flat sheet membranes, which have some commercial applications. However, the most common commercial membrane contactors are made from small-diameter microporous hollow-fiber (or capillary) membranes with fine pores that run from the inner surface to the outer surface of the hollow-fiber wall. The contactor resembles a tube-in-shell configuration with inlet-outlet ports for the shell side and tube side. These kinds of membranes are typically made of hydrophobic materials such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluorovinylether) (PEA), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDE). The membrane in a contactor acts as a passive barrier and as a means of bringing two immiscible fluid phases, such as gas and liquid or an aqueous liquid and an organic liquid, into contact with each other... 

S. Wongchitphimon, R. Wang, R. Jiraratananon, L. Shi, and C.H. Loh. (2011). Effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an additive on the fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluropropylene (PVDF-HFP) asymmetric microporous hollow fiber membranes,... 

---