Polyolefin-iron complex

Stoichiometric hydroformylation of a polyolefin iron complex was reported by loset and Roulet [8], which preferentially afforded the ewrfo-formyl isomer together with the hydrogenation product (Scheme 1.60). 

Cyclopentadiene itself has been used as a feedstock for carbon fiber manufacture (76). Cyclopentadiene is also a component of supported metallocene—alumoxane polymerization catalysts in the preparation of syndiotactic polyolefins (77), as a nickel or iron complex in the production of methanol and ethanol from synthesis gas (78), and as Group VIII metal complexes for the production of acetaldehyde from methanol and synthesis gas (79). 

At concentrations below 0.05% in the polyolefins, the iron complexes pho-tolyse rapidly and give a minimal induction period to photo-oxidation. Above this concentration they are self-protective and a substantial induction period becomes evident followed by an inversion of activity. This is shown for iron dibutyldithiocarbamate (FeDBC) in Fig. 9.4 [9]. In order to obtain an induction period in very severe climates (i.e. intense UV and high temperatures),... 

The first metal-olefin complex was reported in 1827 by Zeise, but, until a few years ago, only palladium(II), platinum(Il), copper(I), silver(I), and mercury(II) were known to form such complexes (67, 188) and the nature of the bonding was not satisfactorily explained until 1951. However, recent work has shown that complexes of unsaturated hydrocarbons with metals of the vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, and cobalt subgroups can be prepared when the metals are stabilized in a low-valent state by ligands such as carbon monoxide and the cyclopentadienyl anion. The wide variety of hydrocarbons which form complexes includes olefins, conjugated and nonconjugated polyolefins, cyclic polyolefins, and acetylenes. 

Olefins readily displace CO groups from the iron carbonyls, Fe(CO)5, Fe2(CO)9, and Fe3(CO)12, to form complexes in which a C C bond of the olefin takes the place of each displaced CO group, and by donating its ir-electrons preserves the formal inert gas electron configuration of the iron atom in the complex. Acrylonitrile is the only reported example of a monoolefin complexing with iron in this way, but many complexes of iron with polyolefins are known. 

It is well known that olefins may form complexes with some metals [80, 81]. Mercuric acetate can form complexes with polyolefins selectively, being removed by acid treatment [82]. Such complexes have been used in the separation of unsaturated fatty acids from mixtures [83]. Subbarao [84] has protected olefins aginst reduction using silver complexes, and Cope used reversible platinum complex formation [85, 86] for the resolution of medium ring trans olefins. Landesburg [87] used the iron tricarbonyl complex of the alcohol (13) to protect it during oxidation to the ketone (14) which was regenerated from the complex by photolysis [88a]. 

On the other hand, dithiocarbamate nickel and zinc complexes are very effective light stabilizers for polyolefins. Using a combination of iron(pro-oxidant) and nickel or zinc (stabilizers) dithiocarbamates, it is possible to control the rate of photo-oxidative degradation very accurately [1931]. For long induction periods a combination of iron and nickel dithiocarbamates is recommended, whereas for shorter times it is more usual to combine iron and zinc dithiocarbamates [1932]. The combination of different metal ions decreases the induction period and increases the rate of photo-oxidation. At higher concentrations of stabilizing (Ni, Zn) dithiocarbamates, much longer lifetimes can be achieved. 

Late transition metal catalysts that are highly active and produce high molecular weight polyolefins were recently reported [198,199]. For example, nickel and palladium-diimine catalysts 67 produce highly branched polyethylene that is totally different from those produced by conventional or homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts [200]. On the other hand, iron and cobalt 2,6-pyridine bis(imine) complexes 68 give linear polyethylene [201,202]. These catalysts are used with co-catalysts such as MAO, and the active species are cationic. Neu-... 

---