Polymetallic nodules

Courtois, C. and Clauer, N. (1980) Rare earth elements and strontium isotopes of polymetallic nodules from southeastern Pacific Ocean. Sedimentology, 27, 687-695. 

Dreyfus Rawson, M., Ryan, W. B. F. Ocean floor sediment and polymetallic nodules, Columbia Univers., New York, 1978... 

Ahnert, A. and Schriever, G. (2001) Response of abyssal Copepoda Harpacticoida (Crustacea) and other meiobenthos to an artificial disturbance and its bearing on future mining for polymetallic nodules. Deep-Sea Research II, 48, 3779-3794. 

Demidova, T. (1999) The physical environment in nodule provinces of the deep sea, in Deep-seabed Polymetallic Nodule Exploration Development of Environmental Guidelines, International Seabed Authority, Kingston, pp. 79-116. 

Hein, J.R., 2004. Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts Global distribution, composition, origin and research activities. In Minerals other than polymetallic nodules of the international seabed area Proceedings of a workshop held on 26-30 June 2000 in Kingston, Jamaica Volume 1, pp.l88-272 (http// www.isa.org.jm)... 

Thiel, H. (ed.), 2001. Environmental impact studies for the mining of polymetallic nodules from the deep sea. Deep-Sea Research II, 48 3427-3882. 

Tellurium is a sort of scattered rare element on the Earth. Its concentration is very low in the Earth s crust, only 1.0 ng/g. However, it is in extremely high abundance in Co-rich crusts, marine polymetallic nodules, deep-sea sediments, and aerolites. The extreme enrichment of tellurium in deep-sea sediments, like helium isotope anomalies, probably results from the input of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). Similarly, the extreme enrichment of tellurium in marine polymetallic nodules and Co-rich crusts is possibly related to IDPs. 

R.P. Das, and S. Anand, 1997, Aqueous reduction of polymetallic nodule for metal extraction. In Proceedings of the Second Ocean Mining Symposium. International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE), Seoul Korea, 1997, 165-171. 

Other sources of nickel, especially in deep-ocean polymetallic nodules (see Manganese) lying on the Pacific Ocean floor, will probably have an important economic role in the future. As a general rule, to be mineable, a nickel ore deposit must be able to produce annually at least 40,000 tonnes of nickel, that is, 800,000 tonnes for a period of 20 years. Annual world nickel production is 925,000 tonnes (2003), of which 70% is consumed for stainless steels. The world s largest nickel-producing countries are Russia, Canada, New Caledonia, and Australia. In 2005, the major nickel projects were the laterite deposit of Goro (New Caledonia, France) and the sulfide ore deposit of Voise/s Bay (Newfoundland, Canada). 

Hong, S., Kim, K.-H. (1999). Research and development of deep seabed mining technologies for Polymetallic nodules in Korea. Proceedings, proposed techniques for deep seabed mining of polymetallic nodules, Kingston, International. Seabed Authority, 261-283. 

Nawab, Z. (2001). Atlantis II Deep A future deep sea mining site. Proceedings, proposed technologies for mining deep-seabed polymetallic nodules, Kingston, International Seabed Authority, 301-313. 

Balaram,V., Anjaiah, K.V., and Reddy, M. R. P. (1995). Comparative study on the trace and rare earth element analysis of an Indian polymetallic nodule reference sample by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A [Pg.192]

Two types of metal-rich hydrogenous deposits are formed on the seafloor iron-manganese oxides and polymetallic sulfides. The iron-manganese oxides have been deposited as nodules, sediments, and crusts. They are enriched in various trace elements, such as manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, and zinc, making them a significant repository for some of these metals. Most of the metals in the polymetallic sulfides are of hydrothermal origin. These sulfides have been deposited as metalliferous sediments aroimd hydrothermal systems and as rocks that infill cracks within former... 

Maity, S Chakravarty, S., Bhattacharjee, S. and Roy, B.C. (2005) A study on arsenic adsorption on polymetallic sea nodule in aqueous medium. Water Research, 39, 2579-90. 

Bums, R. G. Bums, V. M. (1977) The mineralogy and crystal chemistry of deep sea manganese nodules, a polymetallic resource of the 21st century. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. (London), A286,283-301. 

A study on arsenic adsorption on polymetallic sea nodule in aqueous medium. Water Research, 39, 2579 90. 

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