Polymer surface relief gratings

Henneberg, O., Geue, T., Saphiannikova, M., Pietsch, U., Chi, L. F., Rochon, P., Natansohn, A. L. (2001). Atomic force microscopy inspection of the early state of formation of polymer surface relief gratings. Appl. Phys. Left. 79, 2357-2359. 

Henneberg O, et al. 2001b. Formation and dynamics of polymer surface relief gratings. Appl Surf Sci 182(3 4) 272 279. 

The first investigated azo-polysiloxane contains nucleobases in the side chain. This azo-polymer class presents a potential interest in the fields of optoelectronic or biomolecnle immobilization and nanomanipulation. The optoelectronic applications are the consequence of the azo-materials capacity to generate surface relief grating (SRG) under UV irradiation. In spite of the fact that the SRG problem is stndied by many research gronps, nntil now, the mechanism of the surface... 

Fukuda T, Matsuda H, Shiraga T et al. (2000) Photofabrication of surface relief grating on films of azobenzene polymer with different dye functionalization. Macromolecules 33 4220-4225... 

FIG. 6.26 Atomic-force microscopy 3-D topography image (20)xm x 20 pm x 200 nm) of the surface-relief grating on 100-layer mixed LBK IHm of polymer 44 and cadmium stearate deposited on glass (reproduced from reference 121 with permission. Copyright (1999) American Chemical Society). 

Kim, D. Y., Tripathy, S. K., Li, L., Kumar, J. (1995). Laser-induced holographic surface relief gratings on nonlinear optical polymer films. AppL Phys. Lett. 66,1166-1168. 

Labarthet, R L., Buffeteau, T., and Sourisseau, C. Analyses of the diffraction efficiencies, birefringence, and surface relief gratings on azobenzene-containing polymer films. /. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, pp. 2654-2662. 

Fukuda, X., Sumaru, K., Yamanaka, X, and Matsuda, H. Photo-induced formation of the surface relief grating on azobenzene polymers Analysis based on the fluid mechanics. Mol. Cryst. and Liq. Cryst. 2000, 345, pp. 263-268. 

Leopold, A., Wolff, J., Baldus, O., Huber, M. R., Bieringer, X, and Zilker, S. J. Xhermally induced surface relief gratings in azobenzene polymers. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113, pp. 833-837. 

Fukuda, X, Matsuda, H., Viswanathan, N. K., Xripathy, S. K., Kumar, J., Shiraga, X., Kato, M., and Nakanishi, H. Systematic study on photofabrication of surface relief grating on high-Xg azobenzene polymers. Synethetic Met. 1999, 102, pp. 1435-1436. 

Yamaki, S., Nakagawa, M., Morino, S-, and Ichimura, K. Surface relief gratings generated by a photocrosslinkable polymer with styrylpyridine side chains. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 76, pp. 2520-2522. 

Surface-relief grating (SRG, regular topological surface modification) formed via irradiation with an interference pattern of coherent light has been demonstrated only recently/ " and is perhaps the most attractive target in the current research of azo polymers (Chapters 13 and 14 of this book focus on this subject). It is still unclear whether there are any common mechanisms involved between SRG formation and the photomechanical response observed in monolayers described in Section 15.4.1. Nevertheless, with regard to photoinduced motions in Az polymers, it is quite important to proceed with SRG experiments. 

Generally, there are three mechanisms for writing holograms in azo-dye polymers (1) (rotational) molecular reorientation (2) redistribution of cis-and trans-isomer population and (3) formation of surface relief grating. 

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