Polymer devices, optimization

Liang et al. reported the synthesis of polymer Pj by Stille polycondensation between a dibromo compound and ditin compound. Pd(PPh3)4 was used as the catalyst, toluene and DMF (4 1) were used as the solvent, and the polymerization was carried out at 120 °C for 12 h under N2 protection. PTB7 was obtained with average molecular weight (M ) of 97.5 kDa and a PDI of 2.1. A PCE over 7% was obtained for BHJ PSCs based on PTB7. Later, the PCE was increased to 9.2% after device optimization (Scheme 1.2). ... 

The composition of the copolymer determines its electroluminescence efficiency. Optimal efficiency (0.3%) was achieved in system 34 when the feed ratio of monomer 4 to monomer 34 was 9 1. This represents a 30-fold improvement in luminescence efficiency relative to PPV in the same device configuration (AlALOj/polymer/Al) 58, 62. Copolymer 33 has found uses as waveguides and... 

At present, intercalation compounds are used widely in various electrochemical devices (batteries, fuel cells, electrochromic devices, etc.). At the same time, many fundamental problems in this field do not yet have an explanation (e.g., the influence of ion solvation, the influence of defects in the host structure and/or in the host stoichiometry on the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of intercalation compounds). Optimization of the host stoichiometry of high-voltage intercalation compounds into oxide host materials is of prime importance for their practical application. Intercalation processes into organic polymer host materials are discussed in Chapter 26. 

The nonlinear optical and dielectric properties of polymers find increasing use in devices, such as cladding and coatings for optical fibres, piezoelectric and optical fibre sensors, frequency doublers, and thin films for integrated optics applications. It is therefore important to understand the dielectric, optical and mechanical response of polymeric materials to optimize their usage. The parameters that are important to evaluate these properties of polymers are their dipole moment polarizability a, hyperpolarizabilities 0... 

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