Polyhedral aggregates

The formation of larger polyhedral aggregates V ,.Oy or even ID chains through condensation of vanadium polyhedra through shared oxo groups. 

Vesicular LC phases are a new kind of LC phase with cellular structure that is formed by the spatial organization of cylindrical, spherical, or polyhedral aggregates of curved single layers, bilayers, or double layers. These phases have been considered as complicated columnar and cubic mesophases with core-shell morphology [192]. Till now only few vesicular mesophase are reported for thermotropic mesogens [193-196]. 

It is often difficult to represent inorganic compounds with the usual structure models because these structures are based on complex crystals space groups), aggregates, or metal lattices. Therefore, these compounds are represented by individual polyhedral coordination of the ligands such as the octahedron or tetrahedron Figure 2-124d). 

Crystals formed under small driving force conditions (see Section 3.2) in a dilute ambient phase, such as the vapor phase or solution phase, will generally exhibit polyhedral forms, irrespective of their size. Even crystals of micrometer size, such as clay minerals, show polyhedral forms. However, there are crystals that show elongated needle forms that resemble whiskers, coils, hollow tubes, and even ice cream cones (see Figs. 2.2 (a), (b)) others exhibit tree-like polycrystalline aggregates of dendrites (see Fig. 2.2 (c)). 

The various morphologies, such as polyhedral, hopper, dendritic, and spherulitic, that are exhibited by single crystals and polycrystalline aggregates, have been discussed in relation to the driving force in the preceding chapters. 

The mouth and esophagus are composed of two layers, the mucosa and submucosa (Figure 3.5). The mucosa is lined on its outer surface by a stratified squamous epithelium with layers of polyhedral cells of the intermediate layers and low columnar cells of the basal layer. Below the cellular layer is the lamina propria containing loose connective tissue with blood vessels and small aggregates of lymphocytes. Smooth muscle within the mucosa (muscularis mucosal layer) is seen as small bundles. The submucosa... 

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