Poly , transmission electron microscopy

Paine et al. [99] tried different stabilizers [i.e., hydroxy propylcellulose, poly(N-vinylpyrollidone), and poly(acrylic acid)] in the dispersion polymerization of styrene initiated with AIBN in the ethanol medium. The direct observation of the stained thin sections of the particles by transmission electron microscopy showed the existence of stabilizer layer in 10-20 nm thickness on the surface of the polystyrene particles. When the polystyrene latexes were dissolved in dioxane and precipitated with methanol, new latex particles with a similar surface stabilizer morphology were obtained. These results supported the grafting mechanism of stabilization during dispersion polymerization of styrene in polar solvents. 

In order to obtain Pt nanoparticles, aqueous solution of 10 M K2PtCl4, which contained 10 M (as monomer unit) of poly-NIPA or poly-NEA, was bubbled with Ar gas and then H2 gas. Then the reaction vessel was sealed tightly and kept in a water bath at a suitable temperature. At given reaction times, the vessels were opened and the samples for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were prepared by soaking a grid (carbon substrate, Oken) in the colloidal solution and then drying it in the air. The TEM (Hitachi H-8100) was operated at 200 kV. 

Recently, Kroeze et al. prepared polymeric iniferter 34 including poly(BD) segments in the main chain [152]. They successfully synthesized poly(BD)-block-poly(SAN), which was characterized by gel permeation chromatography, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, NMR, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. By varying the polymerization time and iniferter concentration, the composition and the sequence length were controlled. The analysis confirmed the chain microphase separation in the multiblock copolymers. 

Figure 4. Transmission electron microscopy morphology of 50/50 cro55-poly( -butyl acrylate)-/ ler-croM-polystyrene IPNs as a function of network I cross-link density. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 18. Copyright 1982 Polymer Engineering and Science.)...

Transmission Electron Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy data were obtained by personnel in the Ultrastructure Laboratory at the Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine using a JEOL lOOCX-II transmission electron microscope. Samples were imbedded in Poly-bed 812 epoxy resin and cured at 50-60°C for 2-3 days. Samples were then sectioned to between 800 and 1000 on either a Sorval MT2B or an LKB IV Ultramicrotome using glass knives and were placed on 200 mesh copper grids. 

Spherical gold nanoparticles coated with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) grafts have been synthesized by controlled radical polymerization. The polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide was initiated from the surface of the nanoparticles modified with 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate for reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization. The mean diameter of the Au core was 3.2 nm, as observed by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy [90]. 

For example, Wuelfing et al. reported on the synthesis of Au NPs using the thiolated polymer, a-methoxy-co-mercapto-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-SH), as stabilizer in a modification of the Brust-Schiffrin method using a 1/12 polymer thiol/ AuC14 ratio. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the product had modestly polydisperse Au cores of average diameter 2.8 1 nm. This nanomaterial led to characteristics uniquely different from alkanethiolate MPCs, notably aqueous solubility, thermal and chemical stability, ligand footprint size, and ionic conductivity [66]. 

The transmission electron microscopy results are consistent with a segregated latex particle consisting of a polystyrene rich core and a soft poly-n-butyl acrylate rich shell. 

Gohy et al. studied the solution properties of micelles formed by two polystyrene-frZock-poly(2-vinylpyridine)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-P2VP- -PEO) copolymers in water by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy [92]. Spherical micelles were observed that consist of a PS core, a P2VP shell and a PEO corona. The characteristic sizes of core, shell and corona were found to depend on the copolymer composition. The micellar size increased at pH<5 due to P2VP block protonation (Fig. 19). 

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