Solar cells poly

Murakoshi K, Kogure R, Wada Y, Yanagida S (1998) Eabrication of solid-state dye-sensitized Ti02 solar cells combined with poly pyrrole. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 55 113-125... 

Poly-(acetylene)s are widely used in different fields, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDS), solar cells, and lasers.135 Synthesis... 

SN)X can act as an efficient barrier electrode in ZnS junctions, increasing the quantum efficiency of the blue emission by a factor of 100 over gold.14 It can also be used to increase the efficiency of GaAs solar cells by up to 35%. Metal ions interact more strongly with a poly(sulfur nitride) surface than with other metal electrodes. This property has stimulated investigations of possible applications of (SN)X as an electrode material. 

It is noticed that the improvement of solar cells is remarkable, and the efficiencies of Si-single crystal cell and the poly crystalline cell reach 17 % and 12.5 %, respectively. The average cost of solar cell module is 3 per watt, which can be competitive with other conventional power sources [8],... 

The QD-MWNT hybrid structures were formed via the assembly of quantum dot (QD) on the surface of MWNTs in aqueous solution (Jares-Erijman and Jovin, 2003), which shows an excellent solubility in aqueous solution, and owns potential application in bioassay, bio-conjugation, and biosensors as well as solar cell. For example, incorporation of QDs and SWNTs into the poly(3-octylthiophene)-(P3OT)... 

Recently, intense interest has been paid on doped poly(acetylene) because its film 68) showed markedly high conductivity on doping69 70 71 and the n- and p-type conductivities are depending on the dopants. The confirmation of p-n junction formation with the p- and n-type -fCH T, has roused great expectations to produce a polymer film solar cell.72a)... 

A solar cell was constructed from a p—fCH- film and a single crystalline n-Si wafer. The current-potential characteristic of the battery is shown in Fig. 20 73). A conversion efficiency of 4.3 % was obtained. The most sincere problem for poly-(acetylene) is its instability against air oxidation. If it could be solved, practical use of light weight and easily moldable solar cell from polymer films might be possible. 

Fig. 20. Solar cell composed of poly(acetylene) film (Light is irradiated from the p-(CH)x side)...

As described in Section 3 of Chapter 4, the stabilization of n-Si electrode by coating with poly(pyrrole) has attracted much attention. The stabilization of a small bandgap n-semiconductor electrode against oxidation is of great value not only to convert visible light into chemical energy, but also to construct liquid-junction solar cells operated under visible irradiation. The poly(pyrrole) film is usually electropolymerized on the semiconductor electrode dipped in the aqueous solution of pyrrole. The remarkable stabilizing effect of poly(pyrrole) film on polycrystalline n-Si is shown in Fig. 22 67). The photocurrent obtained under irradiation in the aqueous solution of... 

In fact, the observed efficiency of a liquid junction poly-(acetylene) solar cell is very low (14). 

Nowadays the best performing organic photovoltaic cell is represented by a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell based on the polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the fullerene derivative [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), with reproducible efficiencies approaching 5% [262,263], However, a serious drawback for the preparation of efficient organic photovoltaic cells is represented by the low optical absorbance in the red/near-infrared region of the lightharvesting component(s), as well as their low extinction coefflcient(s). 

Mihailetchi [134] investigated the open circuit voltage of the bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on methanol-fullerene [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as electron acceptor and poly[2-methoxy-5(3 ,7 -dimethyloctyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (OC1C10-PPV) as an electron donor. It is known that a single layer device follows the MIM model [166] and the open circuit voltage V0c is equal to the difference in the work functions of the metal electrodes [134], If charges accumulate in the... 

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