Poly 3,4-dioxythiophene s

Some of the poly(oxythiophene)s cannot be classified either as poly(3-oxy-thiophene)s or as poly(3,4-dioxythiophene)s and are listed in Chart 10.6. 

Bhandari, S. Deepa, M. Srivastava, A. K. Joshi, A. G. Kant, R., Poly (3, 4-Ethylene-dioxythiophene)- multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films structure-directed amplified electrochromic response and improved redox activity./. Phys. Chem. B2009,113, 9416-9428. 

After Little s proposal, many researchers have pursued such an exciting system in vain. Even metallic behavior was rarely seen in doped organic polymers, gels, and actuators. As mentioned in Sect. 3.4.4, MCso with linearly polymerized Ceo" exhibited one-dimensional (M = Rb, Cs) or three-dimensional (M = K) metallic behavior [144]. Recently a doped poly aniline was reported to exhibit a metallic temperature dependence for a crystalline polymer chemical oxidation of monomers grew crystallite polyaniline [329] early doping studies on polypyrrole (PFg) and poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)X (X = PFg, BF4, and CF3SO3) prepared by electrooxidation at low temperatures also showed a metallic temperature dependence below 10-20 K (Scheme 16) [330, 331]. 

Huang J. S., Miller P. F., Wilson J. S., de Mello A. J., de Mello J. C. and Bradley D. D. C. (2005), Investigation of the effects of doping and post-deposition treatments on the conductivity, morphology, and work function of poly (3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) films , Adv. Funct. Mat. 15, 290-296. 

Brown, T. M. Kim, J. S. Friend, R. H. Cacialli, R Daik, R. and Feast, W. J. 1999. Built-in field electroabsorption spectroscopy of polymer light-emitting diodes incorporating a doped poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) hole injection layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 1679-1681. 

I. Baltog, M. Baibarac, S. Lefirant, and P. Gomez Romero, SERS studies on poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/SWNTs composites and their application to rechargeable lithium batteries, J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 9, 6204—6209 (2009). 

S. BiaUozor and A. Kupniewska, Properties of electrrxles modified with poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) and Pt particles - Part II, Bull. Electrochem., 20, 241-246 (2004). 

Isoniemi, T., Tuukkanen, S., Cameron, D.C., Simonen, J., Toppari, J.J., 2015. Measuring optical anisotropy in poly (3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonate) films with added graphene. Org. Electron. 25, 317-323. 

Jukes, P.C., S.J. Martin, A.M. Higgins, M. Ceoghegan, R.A.L. Jones, S. Langridge, A. Wehrum, and S. Kirchmeyer. 2004. Controlling the surface composition of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) blends by heat treatment. Adv Mat 16 807. 

B. D. Martin, N. Nikolov, S. K. PoUack, A. Saprigin, R. Shashidar, F. Zhang and P. A. Heiney, Hydroxylated secondary dopants for surface resistance enhancement in transparent poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) thin films, Synth. Met. 142 (1-3), 187-193 (2004). 

S. K. M. JOnsson, J. Birgerson, X. Crispin, G. GreczynsM, W. Osikowicz, A. W. Denier van der Gon, W. R. Salaneck and M. Fahhnan, The effects of solvents on the morphology and sheet resistance in poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonic acid (PEDOT-PSS) films, Synth. Met. 139(1), 1-10 (2003). 

Since the 1970s polymer chemistry has enabled the development of so-called synthetic metals , i.e. polymers with conductivies up to 10 S cm , comparable to those of metals. There are still many technological hurdles in processing the materials into suitable forms for them to find widespread applications. The conductivity in these materials results from delocalized n orbitals along the backbone. Representative conductive polymers are polyacetylene (PA) or poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT), as sketched in Fig. 2.33. The role of dopant is vital in conferring quasi-metallic properties. Indeed, the original discovery of metallic conductivity in PA (in 1977) was serendipitous, involving the accidental addition of excess iodine dopant. 

X. Crispin, S. Marciniak, W. Osikowicz, G. Zotti, A. W. Denier van der Gon, F. Louwet, M. Fahlman, L. Groenendaal, F. De Schryver, and W. R. Salaneck. 2003. Gonductivity, morphology, interfacial chemistry, and stability of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonate) A photoelectron spectroscopy study. 7Polym Sci B Polym Phys 41(21) 2561-2583. 

S. Garreau, G. Louam, G. Froyer, M. Lapkowski, and O. Chauvet. 2001. Spectroelectro-chemical studies of the C -al l derivative of poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDT). Electrochim Acta 46(8) 1207-1214. 

Crispin, X., Marciniak, S., Osikowicz, W., Zotti, G., Denier van der gon, A.W., Louwet, F., Fahlman, M., Groenendaal, L., De schryver, F., Salaneck, W.R., 2003. Conductivity, morphology, interfacial chembtty, and stabUity ofpoly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)—poly(styrene sulfonate) a photoelectron spectroscopy study. J. Polym. Sd. Part B Polym. Phys. 41, 2561 —2583. 

---