Poly covalent bonding methods

CNTs can conjugate with nucleic acids via non-covalent bond. ssDNA, short double-stranded DNA and total RNA molecules can attach to the surface of CNTs and can disperse CNTs in aqueous environment. The poly(30T) has the highest dispersion efficiency (Zheng et al., 2003). For example, 1 mg DNA molecules mix with lmg CNTs in 1ml water, yield at most 4mg/ml CNT solution. DNA-CNT complexes can be purified or isolated by electronic properties such as agarose gel electrophoresis and centrifuge method (Cui et al., 2004a Karajanagi et al., 2004). 

Production of materials in which the daughter polymer and the template together form a final product seems to be the most promising application of template polymerization because the template synthesis of polymers requiring further separation of the product from the template is not acceptable for industry at the present stage. Possible method of production of commonly known polymers by template polymerization can be based on a template covalently bonded to a support and used as a stationary phase in columns. Preparation of such columns with isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) covalently bonded to the microparticulate silica was suggested by Schomaker. The template process can be applied in order to produce a set of new materials having ladder-type structure, properties of which are not yet well known. A similar method can be applied to synthesis of copolymers with unconventional structure. 

The CSPs based on chiral crown ethers were prepared by immobilizing them on some suitable solid supports. Blasius et al. [33-35] synthesized a variety of achiral crown ethers based on ion exchangers by condensation, substitution, and polymerization reactions and were used in achiral liquid chromatography. Later, crown ethers were adsorbed on silica gel and were used to separate cations and anions [36-39]. Shinbo et al. [40] adsorbed hydrophobic CCE on silica gel and the developed CSP was used for the chiral resolution of amino acids. Kimura et al. [41-43] immobilized poly- and bis-CCEs on silica gel. Later, Iwachido et al. [44] allowed benzo-15-crown-5, benzo-18-crown-6 and benzo-21-crown-7 CCEs to react on silica gel. Of course, these types of CCE-based phases were used in liquid chromatography, but the column efficiency was very poor due to the limited choice of mobile phases. Therefore, an improvement in immobilization was realized and new methods of immobilization were developed. In this direction, CCEs were immobilized to silica gel by covalent bonds. 

Carothers was able to show that many macromolecules could be built, not only through some mysterious process, but also with the known methods of organic chemistry. His work yielded further proof for the formation of organic molecular colloids by covalent bonds, and led to the first synthetic fiber produced industrially on a large scale, nylon 6,6 [poly(hexamethylene-adipamide)]. This polymer is obtained from hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid ... 

Alcohol dehydrogenase can be covalently bonded on the surface of a poly-[3-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiophene] electrode by the cyanogen bromide method [111] glucose oxidase is covalently immobilized at the surface of a copolymer electrode from 3-methylthiophene and methyl 3-thienylacetate by the azide method [110] after activation of the carboxyUc groups in the copolymer of 3-methylthiophene and 3-thienylacetic acid by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, lactate oxidase can be covalently immobilized [109]. This enzyme electrode can be used for the electrochemical analysis of lactic acid (cf. Sect. 6.9). 

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