Poly carboxy acids

Poly-carboxy acids or poly-basic acids... 

These di-cyanogen and other poly-cyanogen derivatives are of importance only in this connection as nitriles of the poly-carboxy acids sjnA those that are necessary to be considered will be referred to later as we come to them in the study of these acids. The simplest di-cyanogen compound is the gas cyanogen NC—CN, which has been referred to as an example of a radical which exists as such in the free state. 

As we have not yet studied the poly-carboxy compounds our present discussion will include only the mono-hydroxy and the poly-hydroxy substitution products of the mono-carboxy acids (mono-basic acids). The hydroxyl derivatives of the poly-carboxy acids will be considered in connection with these acids when we come to them. 

B. POLY-CARBOXY ACIDS I. SATURATED DI-BASIC ACIDS... 

Ethyl and butyl esters of poly(vinyl methyl ether)/maleic anhydride (PVM/MA) copolymer were introduced in the early 1960s for use in hair sprays. These polymers also have free carboxy acid groups that can be neutralized. Recommended neutralization is 10%, but products can be found in the range of 5—30%, and recommended neutralizers include ammonium hydroxide, aminomethyl propanol, and triisopropano1 amine. These were the most widely used polymers in hair sprays before their use decreased dramatically in the early 1990s. 

Poly(acrylic acid) Poly-[l-(carboxy)elhylene]... 

Swarc,M. The Kinetics and Mechanism of N-carboxy-a-amino-acid Anhydride (NCA) Polymerization to Poly-amino Acids. Vol. 4, pp. 1—65. 

Heller, J., Ng, S. Y., and Penhale, D. W. H., Preparation of poly(carboxy-ortho esters) by the reaction of diketene acetals and carboxylic acids. In Preparation. 

Experimental studies of the adsorption of polyelectrolyte have been reported by several authors Pefferkom, Dejardin, and Varoqui (3) measured the hydrodynamic thickness of an alternating copolymer of maleic acid and ethyl vinyl ether adsorbed on the pore walls in cellulose ester filter as a function of the molecular weight and the concentration of NaCl. Robb et al. (4) studied the adsorption of carboxy methyl cellulose and poly (acrylic acid) onto surfaces of insoluble inorganic salts. However, their studies are limited to the measurements of adsorbance and the fraction of adsorbed segments. 

Polymer Media Alginate (Sodium) Cellulose Sulfate Carboxy- methyl Cellulose Xanthan Carrageenan (A) Gellan Gum Poly Glutamic Acid... 

I. poly(amide-acid) [(pyromellitic dianhydride) -a/i-(4,4 -oxydianiline)] (Both carboxy groups result from the polymerization reaction.)... 

An alternative photo-SIP approach was described by Kang and coworkers, where they used an argon plasma to oxidize alkylthiolate SAMs on planar gold [55]. The plasma treatment oxidized carboxy-terminated SAMs to peroxide moieties. UV irradiation in the presence of acryhc acid and allylpentafluorobenzene yielded ultra-thin graft layers of 6-7nm. The poly(acrylic acid) layers were found to adsorb Fe " ions from solution. This particular photoinitiation method yields low-density polymer brush films. 

Anionic Polymerization. Anionic grafting polymerization initiated on the inorganic particles is also possible to give composite particles. The amino group incorporated into the surface of silica caused anionic polymerization of N-carboxy-a-amino acid anhydride to give poly(amino acid) grafting [Reaction (8)1 (21). 

The NCA 138 represents the amino-protected and carboxy-activated form of poly-oxamic acid 140, the hydroxylic amino acid portion of the antifungal family of polyoxins 139, Fig. 8. Other polyolic NCAs such as 141,142, and 143, Fig. 9, have also been prepared from the corresponding a-hydroxy p-lactams with equal success [123, 124]. 

It seems, however, that only polyanions are chiefly concerned in the interferon induction. Further polymers having anionic groups have been investigated besides poly(nucleic acid)s and co-(cyclopolymers) 8, for which a partial hydrolysis of the anhydride moiety is supposed. Thus, poly(vinylsulfonate)s or polyacrylates have been found to be active, but, polymethacrylates inactive. It has been shown that in the case of acrylic acid copolymers the molecular weight is also of importance in addition to the structure of the polymer chain and the fraction of carboxy groups. The influence of these various parameters has been discussed in detail by De Somer (45). 

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