Poly carbazole

Hyperbranched polyphenylenes [111] and other polyphenylene nanostructures [106] (potentially also hyperbranched aromatic polyesters [112], although ester groups may introduce too much conformational flexibility hyperbranched poly-carbazoles [113], again absence of alkyl solubilizing groups might enhance porosity hyperbranched PAEs [114]. 

G. Inzelt. Formation and redox behaviour of poly carbazole prepared by electropolymerization of solid carbazole crystals immobilized on an electrode surface. J. Solid State Electrochem., 7(8) 503-510, August 2003. 

Lei, W., Wu, Q., Si, W., Gu, Z., Zhang, Y, Deng, J and Hao, Q. (2013]. Electrochemical determination of imldacloprid using poly(carbazole]/chemically reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode. Sens. Actuators B, 183, pp. 102-109. 

Other polyarylenes possessing optically active side chains, such as poly(fluorene) (215), poly(carbazole) (216), ° and poly(dithienopyrrole) (217), ° are also considered to take single-handed helical conformation in solution. 

Poly (pyrrole) and poly(thiophene), both first described in 1963 as electrically conducting materials [5], experienced a renaissance when Diaz and Street gave a new attention to the electrochemical oxidation of pyrrole and Gamier to the poly(thiophene) field transistor. Polyfphenylenevinylene), poly(aniline), poly(phenylenesulfide), poly(carbazole), poly(in-dole), poly(pyrene) and polyene fulvene are just a few of the large number of electrically conducting polymers with specific properties and interest [20]. 

Poly(carbazole) [20]. Solution of carbazole in acetonitrile may be electrochemically oxidized (counterion CIO4 or BF4) at a platinum anode to give electrically conductive films with poor mechanical stability. The polymers obtained by chemical coupling are mores stable. Poly(carbazole) has also been obtained by vacuum evaporation of carbazole and by chemical condensation. Doping with I2 or NOBF4 leads to conductivities an high as 1 S/cm. 

Special attention is given to the preparation and performance of conjugated polymers made from the poly (phenylene vinylene) family, poly(phenylene)s, poly(fluor-ene)s, poly(carbazole)s, and poly(thiophene)s. Hybrid solar cells are also mentioned. 

Other thiophene-based donor-acceptor-type copolymers that have shown efficiencies of over 4.2% include poly (fluorene-dicyclopentathiophene-a/t-benzothiadiazole) (65, Figure 25), poly(carbazole-dicyclopentathiophene-aft-benzothiadiazole) 66, and poly[9,9-dialkylfluorene-a/t-(bis-thienylene)benzothiadiazole] 67-69. Some other thiophene-based polymer designs, which have attracted... 

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