Pole Charge

Integration constants are not required for electric dipoles as the conservation of the charges in a capacitor is ruled by a null sum of its pole charges (see case study C7 Electric Capacitor in Chapter 6). 

Note the r dependence of these tenns the charge-indiiced-dipole interaction varies as r, the dipole-indiiced-dipole as and the quadnipole-mduced-dipole as In general, the interaction between a pennanent 2 -pole moment and an induced I -pole moment varies as + L + l) gQ enough r, only the leading tenn is important, with higher tenns increasing in importance as r decreases. The induction forces are clearly nonadditive because a third molecule will induce another set of miiltipole moments in tlie first two, and these will then interact. Induction forces are almost never dominant since dispersion is usually more important. 

A hexapole assembly of rods (poles) is built similarly to the quadrupole, but now there are three sets of opposed rods evenly spaced around a central axis. The hexapole cannot act as a mass filter by applying a DC field and is used only in its all-RF mode. It is therefore a wide band-pass filter and is used to collimate an ion beam. (Like-charged particles repel each other, and an electrically charged beam will tend to spread apart because of mutual repulsion of ions unless steps are taken to reduce the effect.)... 

Recently photorefractivity in photoconductive polymers has been demonstrated (92—94). The second-order nonlinearity is obtained by poling the polymer doped with a nonlinear chromophore. Such a polymer may or may not be a good photoconductor. Usually sensitizers have to be added to enhance the charge-generation efficiency. The sensitizer function of fuUerene in a photorefractive polymer has been demonstrated (93). 

In azolium cations, the electron-pull of the positively charged heteroatom is strong, and substituents attached a or y to positive poles in azolium rings show correspondingly enhanced reactivity. 

Charging of massecuite at a low speed, to prevent spillage, normally by a 24-28 pole motor. 

ANION A negatively charged atom or group of atoms, or a radical which moves to the positive pole (anode) during electrolysis. 

Unlike the cells above, which are all primary cells, this is a secondary (i.e. rechargeable) cell, and the two poles are composed in the uncharged condition of nickel and cadmium hydroxides respectively. These are each supported on microporous nickel, made by a sintering process, and separated by an absorbent impregnated with electrolyte. The charging reactions are ... 

During discharge these reactions are reversed. A crucial feature of the construction of this cell is that oxygen produced at the positive pole during charging by the side-reaction ... 

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