Polarizing beam-splitter

Fig. 1—Profile measurement technique of Champper 2000+. A surface measurement is made with a linearly polarized laser beam that passes to translation stage which contains a penta-prism. The beam then passes through a Nomarski prism which shears the beam into two orthogonally polarized beam components. They recombine at the Nomarski prism. The polarization state of the recombined beam includes the phase information from the two reflected beams. The beam then passes to the nonpolarizing beam splitter which directs the beam to a polarizing beam splitter. This polarizing beam splitter splits the two reflected components to detectors A and B, respectively. The surface height difference at the two focal spots is directly related to the phase difference between the two reflected beams, and is proportional to the voltage difference between the two detectors. Each measurement point yields the local surface slope [7].

Figure 4.6 shows an apparatus for the fluorescence depolarization measurement. The linearly polarized excitation pulse from a mode-locked Ti-Sapphire laser illuminated a polymer brush sample through a microscope objective. The fluorescence from a specimen was collected by the same objective and input to a polarizing beam splitter to detect 7 and I by photomultipliers (PMTs). The photon signal from the PMT was fed to a time-correlated single photon counting electronics to obtain the time profiles of 7 and I simultaneously. The experimental data of the fluorescence anisotropy was fitted to a double exponential function. 

Figure 4.6 Block diagram of the apparatus for the fluorescence depolarization measurement. The dashed and solid arrows indicate the light paths ofthe excitation pulse and the fluorescence from the sample. OBJ microscope objective, M mirror, L lens, DM dichroic mirror, LP long-pass filter, PH pin-hole, PBS polarizing beam splitter, P polarizer, PMT photomultiplier.

Figure 7.3 A schematic of a two-beam photon-force measurement system. Obj objective lens (lOOx oil immersion, N.A. 1.4), PBS polarization beam splitter, FI color filter for eliminating red illumination laser beam, F2 color filter for eliminating green illumination laser...

Fig. 2.6. Schematic illustration of the experimental setup for pump-probe anisotropic reflectivity measurements with fast scan method. PBS denotes polarizing beam splitter, PD1 and PD2, a pair of matched photodiodes to detect p- and s-polarized components of the reflected probe beam, PD3 another photodiode to detect the interference pattern of He-Ne laser in a Michelson interferometer to calibrate the scanning of the pump path length...

Fig. 2. A magnetooptical player (2). P = polarizer MC = magnetic coil (for magnetooptical writing) NBS = neutral beam splitter PBS = polarizing beam splitter. Dl, D2 = detectors for differential detection. The optical path also comprises tracking and focusing optics which are not shown here.

Figure 9. Instrumental arrangement for thermal lens - detected CD. P, Glan-Thompson prism polarizer BS, polarizing beam splitter F, filter (for intensity balance) L, lens S, sample PD, photodiode PH, aperture PC, computer. From ref. [36],...

Figure 10. Optical configuration for differentially arranged, thermal lens detected CD. P, beam steering prism M, beam steering mirror BS, polarizing beam splitter HR, half-wave rhomb QR, quarter-wave rhomb L, focusing lens DM, dichroic mirror C, converging sample cell (before probe focus) D, diverging sample cell (after probe focus) PD, aperture/photodiode combination LF, line filter (to isolate the probe laser from extraneous pump radiation). Solid line, probe laser optical path broken line, pump beam path.

The plane-polarized light which goes through the flow cell is rotated by optically active substances (chiral compounds) according to their specific optical rotations and concentrations. The light then enters the polarized beam splitter and is divided into two beams according to the polarized beam directions. These beams are detected by two photodiodes as shown. 

Thanks to the behavior of our polarizing beam splitter (PBS), that transmits the horizontally polarized photons and reflects the vertically polarized ones, the successful detection at the port 63 of state +) (the symbols +, — stand for H I V and H — V) post-selects the following transformation of an arbitrarily input state in ai... 

We then superpose the two photons at Alice s (Bob s) side in the modes ai, a3 (a2, a4) at a polarizing beam splitter PBS1 (PBS2). Moving the mirror Ml, mounted on a motorized translation stage, allows us to change the arrival time to make the photons as indistinguishable as possible. A further... 

Figure 3 The experimental setup. A type II Spontaneous parametric down-conversion is used both to produce the ancilla pair (in the spatial modes <23 and a4) and to produce the two input qubits (in the spatial modes ai and 0,2). In this case initial entanglement polarization is not desired, and it is destroyed by making the photons go through polarization filters which prepare the required input state. Half-wave plates have been placed in the photon paths in order to rotate the polarization compensators are able to nullify the birefringence effects of the non-linear crystal and of the polarizing beam splitters. Overlap of the wavepackets at the PBSs is assured through spatial and spectral filtering.

Figure 6. a - Schematic of a simplified version of nonlinear sign-shift (NS) operation constructed by a non-polarizing beam splitter of reflectivity II. T i /v) and hour) are the quantum states of input and output photons. The operation is successful when the single-photon detector in ancilla mode 4 counts a single photon, b - The two paths that lead to the detection of exactly one photon in output mode 4. As long as all of the photons are indistinguishable, these two paths can interfere. 

Figure 2. Realization of optical CPHASE logic gate between two single-photon qubits, using polarizing beam-splitters (PBS), A/4 plates and 7r cross-phase modulation (XPM) studied here.

The additional components for achieving a PFS measurement are polarizing optics for manipulating both the illumination and scattered polarization states a polarizing beam splitter for directing orthogonal states into two detectors, and a means of forming three polarization-sensitive intensity correlation functions. 

Figure 1. Schematic of the new single-fiber-baeed multifrequency phase and modulation fluorometer. Abbreviations represent BT, mirrored beam translator M, mirrors PBS, polarizing beam splitter PC, Pockel s cell Freq. Syn., frequency synthesizers PA1 and PA2, power amplifiers BS, beam splitter PM, perforated mirror D, photomultiplier tube detector BPF, band-pass filters x,y,z, x,y,z translation stage PS, power splitter.

Interference also requires that the two beams have the same polarization. In interferometric systems using long coherence sources, use of appropriate quarter- and half-wave plates and polarizing beam splitters enable multi-pass configurations for displacement measuring interferometers and increased photon efficiency in instruments for the measurement of surface form. 

Both spectral and polarization discrimination of the background subtracted signals are trivial to implement (see Figure 3.16). Standard dichroic filters are available for all common dye pairs and inexpensive polarization beam splitters are commonly available from optical component manufacturers. 

Figure 3.16 Illustrations of the use of a polarizing beam splitter to select fluorescence emission polarization (a) and a dichroic mirror to process two-colour fluorescence emission in experiments such as FRET (b).

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