Polarized light micrographs

Figure 11.6 Photographs of foreign contamination in pellets of a re-pelletized reclaim stream a) photomicrograph of discolored PE pellets containing dark defects, and b) transmitted polarized light micrograph of a pellet cross section containing a defect. Photographs were provided by E. Garcia-Meitin of The Dow Chemical Company...

Fig. 19. Transmitted and polarized light micrographs of a single graphite fiber in an epoxy matrix under axial loading. The fiber and matrix are the same. Only the interphase has been changed. Three different failure modes develop as a result of the interphase alteration. From Drzal et al. 841...

Fig. 50 a, b. Higher-order structure of aggregates of a polyelectrolyte complex of poly(methacry-lic acid) (PMAA) and integral-type polycation (2X), (a) Optical micrograph, (b) polarized light micrograph... 

Figure 17.10. Polarized light micrograph of a milkfat spherulite grown at two different thicknesses, 20pm (A), and 170pm (B).

In addition two-dimensional imaging of polarized light micrographs of fat samples may be employed to determine the fractal dimension. The general scheme to measure the microscopy fractal dimension of a colloidal fat crystal network is shown in Figure 17.24. 

Fig. 13a and b. Polarized light micrograph of a precrazed PP-thin section a, which was subsequently stretched under the microscope at room temperature b... 

Figure 12. Polarized light micrographs of anhydrous milkfat cooled at 0. PC/min, PC/min, and 5°C/min. Images were acquired during crystallization in the range of 30°C to 5°C at intervals of 5°C.

Figure 13. Polarized light micrographs of anhydrous milkfat cooled at 0.1°C/min, TC/min, and S C/min followed by storage lor 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days at 5°C.

Fig. 7 Polarized light micrographs of (A) hexagonal (B) and (C) lamellar liquid crystals. Bar 50 pm. (From Ref. l)...

Figure 3 shows thresholded polarized light micrographs of MF-TAG at various crystallization times at 22.5°C. Crystallization curves for AMF, MF-TAG, and MF-DAG by pNMR, turbidity, and PLM-image analysis are shown in Figure 4. MF-TAG crystallized first, followed by AMF and MF-DAG. MF-DAG had the longest induction times determined by pNMR, while by turbidimetry and microscopy, AMF had the longest induction times. Crystallization curves for...

Fig. 9 Polarized light micrographs of melt-crystallized (a) as-received PET and (b) coalesced PET [33]...

Figure 1.39 Polarized light micrograph of crystallized high density polyethylene (HDPE). (Reproduced with permission from J. Scheirs, Compositional and Failure Analysis of Polymers A Practical Approach, John Wiley Sons Ltd, Chichester. 2000 John Wiley Sons Ltd.)...

PLM and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (used in conjunction with SEM) were utilized to determine how an API is distributed within a granulation. A polarized light micrograph of a cross section of the granulation matrix is shown in Figure 1. Crystals of the intact API are plainly visible within... 

FIGURE I Polarized light micrograph of a granulation. Crystals of the API (see arrow) are visible within the matrix of the granulation. 

Figure 16-37. Top normalized absorption (left) and emission (middle) spectra and PL-decay curves (right) of Ooct-OPV5-CN" in (A) solution, (B) as-deposited film, (C) annealed film (160 °C, 5 min), and (D) single crystal. Bottom polarized-light micrographs of the two thin-film morphologies scale bar 100 pm.

Figure37. (a) Crystalline and right-handed helical fibersmadeofGlc-NC(12)CN-Glc (116, n= 12) observed using polarized light microscopy (at 25 C in water). Periodical structures of the fibers are denoted by arrows, (b) Polarized light micrographs of representative dehydrated and right-handed fibers from Glc-NC(12)CN-Glc (116, rt = 12), (top) photographed trough cross-polarized filters and (bottom) through plane-polarized filters. Reproduced from ref. 338 (Shimizu and Masuda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119,28)2) with permission of the American Chemical Society.

Figure 4 Polarized light micrographs of bread crumb, (a) Control bread crumb, fresh (b) bread with maltogenic u-amylase, fresh (c) control bread crumb, aged for 7 d (d) bread with maltogenic u-amylase, aged for 7 d. Scale bar corresponds to 25 pm...

Figure 6-26. Polarized light micrograph showing carbon fiber-carbon matrix composite prepared by the FCVI process. The 7-pm diameter fibers serve as a scale.

Figure 2. Polarized light micrograph of transverse section of white oak from Krabbendijke, a marine wreck from the late Middle Ages in the Netherlands. Persistent birefringent crystalline cellulose is restricted to the primary wall-middle lamella complex of fibers and small vessels.

Figure 7, (a) Polarized light micrograph of soft-rot cavities formed within a hardwood sample from an Egyptian mummy coffin (Code No. FP-F-S) dated 1000-2000 B.C. Chainlike arrangement is characteristic of cavities as seen in LS of macerated fibers. Bar 50.0 pm. (b) TEM micrograph of soft-rot cavities formed within a hardwood sample from an Egyptian mummy coffin (Code No. FP-F-S) dated 1000-2000 B.C. Cavities appear in TS formed in both ray... 

Polarized light micrograph of crystals of tartaric acid. 

A polarized light micrograph of tartaric acid crystals. Tartaric acid is found in grapes as well as other fruits. 

Rg. 9.8 A polarized-light micrograph of highly textured fIDPE after plane-strain compression to a CR of 12.1 e — 2.49), showing nearly perfectly aligned fibrils viewed from the constraint direction. The long direction of the micrograph is parallel to the flow direction (from Gal ski et al. (1992) courtesy of the ACS). 

Fig. 2. Polarized light micrographs showing pattern growth with dynamical self-similarity. Polarizer and analyzer axes are set in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. The pattern (a) is obtained 6 s and the patterns (b) and (c) 60 s after onset of unmixing at 270 C for X-7G/PET (50/50 wt/wt) mixture. The patterns (b) and (c) are different only in magnification.

Fig. 10. (a) Polarized light micrograph (POM) and (b) phase-contrast light micrograph (PCM) for PP/EPR mixture (50/50 wt/wt) unmixed at 200 C for 5 min. and subsequently crystallized at 125 C for 5 min. The POM which was obtained by setting polarizer and analyzer in vertical and horizontal directions clearly shows the volume-filling spherulites, while the PCM clearly shows the fine structure developed by SD. The two pictures were obtained on the same field of the same sample. From N. Inaba, T. Yamada, S. Suzuki, and T. Hashimoto (1988). 

Figure 3.26. Polarized light micrograph, showing the spontaneous formation of liquid crystalline mixed phase zones (light areas) from sodium dodecyl sulfate solution (2.5%) and oleic acid (19)...

Figure 1. Typical low and high magnification polarized light micrographs of polished sections of CC-A21 (a, b) and CC-D21 (c, d).

In 1980 we published polarized light micrographs taken during shear with stroboscopic illumination which appeared to show perpendicular striations. The occurrence of these striations during shear seemed to... 

Figure 9.13 Polarized light micrographs of neat PP and nanocomposite crystallized at 150°C. (a) Neat PP and (b) 4 wt% clay-PP nanocomposite. Reprinted from [58] with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 5. Polarized light micrographs of mesophase formed in petroleum pitch reproduced with permission from the Socifete Francaise in Paris.

The question that must be addressed next is why thermally reversible gels, with these crystallite properties, are formed under these circumstances. The thermal reversibility is clearly a matter of melting-recrystallization. The reason that gels are formed can be found by examining polarized light micrographs of the undried gels. It is found... 

Figure 4. Polarized light micrograph and SALS pattern of undried gel of poly(ethylene oxide) fraction. M = 2.0 x 10, 1.8 wt. % polymer, formed at 23°C in xylene.

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