Poisons radioactive isotopes

Most of the radioactive isotopes of actinium pose an extreme radiation hazard. They are bone-seeking radioactive poisons. 

All compounds as well as metallic uranium are radioactive—some more so than others. The main hazard from radioactive isotopes is radiation poisoning. Of course, another potential hazard is using fissionable isotopes of uranium and plutonium for other than peaceful purposes, but such purposes involve pohtical decisions, not science. 

Like the radioactive isotopes of berkehum, its compounds are also extremely dangerous radioactive poisons. Because of the extremely small amounts of berkehum isotopes and compounds that exist and are produced, it is unlikely that many people will be exposed to them. 

Strontium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, soil, dust, coal, and oil. Naturally occurring strontium is not radioactive and is referred to as stable strontium. Stable strontium in the environment exists in four stable isotopes, " Sr (read as strontium 84), Sr, Sr, and Sr. Twelve other unstable isotopes are known to exist. Its radioactive isotopes are Sr and °Sr. Strontium is chemically similar to calcium. It was discovered in 1790. The isotope Sr is a highly radioactive poison, and was present in fallout from atmospheric nuclear explosions and is created in nuclear reactors. Atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons in the 1950s resulted in deposits and contaminations. °Sr has a half-life of 28 years and is a high-energy beta emitter. Its common cationic salts are water soluble it forms chelates with compounds such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid strontium coordination compounds are not common. Powdered metallic strontium may constitute an explosion hazard when exposed to flame. 

Toxin - A poisonous substance produced or derived from living plants, animals, or microorganisms some toxins may also be produced or altered by chemical means. In many aspects, they are comparable to chemical agents. Tritium - A radioactive isotope of hydrogen. 

Reactions in plants are of course catalyzed by enzymes, but the reactions are simply those allowed by organic chemical principles. Familiar processes such as methylation, oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, aldol condensations, and so on, are frequently involved. In many cases it is difficult to determine the exact sequence of events, but the broad outlines of the biosynthesis of many alkaloids have been elucidated. To take a simple case for illustration of a biosynthetic pathway, the synthesis of coniine in the hemlock tree will be presented. Coniine (3.6) is the poison in hemlock that was used to kill Socrates. As found in Scheme 3.5, the amino acid lysine is the precursor of coniine. The use of radioactive isotopic labels is invaluable in proving such pathways. 

Long-lived radioactive isotopes such as cobalt-60 (>5year half-life) or cesium-137 (30-year half-life) can contaminate and render an area uninhabitable for many years. Biologically active isotopes (such as iodine-131) attack specific organs (such as the thyroid) or systems in the hiunan body, causing serious health effects such as cancer. Many radioactive isotopes are not only radiation hazards but are also heavy metals and poisons. 

There is no evidence of toxicity from the industrial use of gallium, but there is evidence of toxic effects when taken internally, apart from the radiation effect of the radioactive isotopes of gallium used in nuclear medicine. In animals, it acts as a neuromuscular poison and causes injury to the kidneys. 

Samarlum-1 9 also contributes significantly to the fission product poisoning This Isotope Is stable and Is a product of the radioactive decay of promethium-l49 Sanarium poisoning reaches an equilibrium value at about 100 MMD/T eaqposure. The poisoning at equilibrium Is 0.65 k. After reactor shutdovn> the samarium poisoning will increase due to the decay of the precursor promethium-1 9 ... 

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