Podzolization

Lundstrom, U. S. (1994) Significance of organic acids for weathering and the podzolization process. Environ. Int. 20,21-30. 

Gupta, P.L. Rorison, I.H. (1975). Seasonal differences in the availability of nutrients down a podzolic profile. Journal of Ecology, 63, 521-34. 

Riquier, J., Les phytolithes de certains sols tropicaux el des podzols, Trans. 7th Internat. Congress Soil Sci., Madison, WI, Vol. 4, 1960. 

The podzol profile samples were taken from the groundwater catchment areas from humus (A0) eluvial (A) and illuvial (B) horizons and the parent material (C). In coarse-grained sand areas the profile waspoorly developed and mainly 20 cm thick, the thickness in till areas ranged from 40 to 80 cm. 

Fig. 3. Podzol profile at NASGLP sample site NB072009. Podzols were the soil type at approximately 100 of the 118 sites. 

Tundra Cryic Gleysols, Histosols, Humic Podzols North American 18.0 0.15 2.7... 

Boreal Taiga Forest Podzols, Podsoluvisols, Spodi-Distric, Alaskan-Cordillera 10.0 0.28 4.2... 

Subboreal Forest Podzols, Dystric and Eutric Cambisols, Eastern North American 2.0 0.65 1.3... 

Co deficit Everywhere Low content of Co in Podsoluvisols, Podzols, Arenosols and Histosols. The average Co content in plant species is < 5 ppb The decrease of Co content in tissues decrease of vitamin BJ2 in liver (tr.—130 ppm), in tissue (tr.—0.05 ppm), in milk (tr.—3 ppm). Synthesis of vitamin Bi2 and protein is weakened. Cobalt-deficiency and Bj2 vitamin-deficiency. The number of animal diseases is decreasing in raw sheep —cattle — pigs and horses. Low meat and wool productivity and reproduction... 

Cu deficit Everywhere, but especially in Histosols Low content of Cu in Podsoluvisols, Podzols, Arenosols and Histosols. The 30% of forage samples contents Cu < 3 ppm. The 3-fold reduction of Cu content in blood, 30-40-fold, in liver n x 10-fold increase of Fe in liver. The synthesis of oxidation ferments is depressed. The anemia of sheep and cattle was shown... 

Cu + Co deficit Especially in Swamp ecosystems Low content of Cu and Co in Podsoluvisols, Podzols, Arenosols and Histosols. Declining contents of Cu and Co in forage species (Cu from 3 to 0.7 ppm, Co < 5 ppb) Depressed synthesis of BJ2 vitamin and oxidation ferments. Cobalt-deficiency and B12 vitamin-deficiency complicated by Cu deficiency. The prevalent diseases of sheep and cattle... 

Figure 9. Exposure pathways based on the averaged coefficients ofbiogeochemical uptake, Cb, of trace metals in Spruce Forest ecosystems of the Karelia top scheme represents the ecosystem with Podzols on diabase outcrops and bottom scheme represents the ecosystem with Podzols on gneiss outcrops. 1—spruce needles 2—spruce bark 3—hypnic mosses 4—leaves and twigs of blueberry (based on Dobrovolsky, 1994).

The main soils of Forest Ecosystems are Podzols and Podzoluvisols. There are plenty of various soil subtypes, groups and families among these two main soil types. However, all forest soils have a number of common features originating in the similarity of processes occurring therein. The retarded biological cycle provides the organic materials for the build up of the covering layer on the soil surface. This layer consists... 

Figure 12. The profile distribution of vanadium (1) and copper (2) in typical Podzol of Boreal Forest ecosystems (ppm, 1 N HCl extraction) (Dobrovolsky, 1994).

Box 3. Distribution of various forms of trace metals in podzols of boreal forest ecosystems (after Dobrovolsky, 1994)... 

Table 10 illustrates the variations of major forms of Cu and Co in typical Forest ecosystem Podzols of Moscow region, Russia. 

Table 10. Distribution of copper and cobalt in Podzols of East European Boreal Forest ecosystems.

In the southern direction the Podzols are transferred into Podzoluvisols and Distric Phaerozems. These soils have less acidity and less pronounced migration of various elements. Accordingly, this determines the exposure pathways of pollutants, like heavy metals, in soil compartments of forest ecosystems. 

Gottlein A, Matzner E. Microscale heterogeneity of addity related stress-parameters in the soil solution of a forested cambic podzol. Plant Soil 1997 192 95-105. 

---