Platform chemical alcohols

Ruppert AM, Weinberg K, Palkovits R (2012) Hydrogenolysis goes bio from carbohydrates and sugar alcohols to platform chemicals. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(11) 2564—2601... 

Xylitol is a natural sugar alcohol widely used as a sugar substitute in foods, toothpastes, and mouthwashes and also can serve as a platform chemical for polymer... 

Reaction network of the formation of lactic acid and alkyl lactate starting from triose sugars in aqueous conditions (R= H) or in alcoholic media (R = alkyl). Reproduced with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry (Modified from Dusselier M, Van Wouwe P, Dewaele A Makshina E, Sels BE. Lactic acid as a platform chemical in the biobased economy the role ofchemocatalysis. Ener Environ Sci 2013 6 1415—42). 

Thus the purpose of this chapter is to summarize the advances and future commercial importance of biomass-derived platform chemicals, including different organic acids and alcohols are presented across (Tables 1.1-1.4). 

Fig. 14.3 (a) Photograph of the spatially addressable electrolysis platform (SAEP) (b) Yields of parallel electrolysis of substrates 1 1 in alcohols a-d (Reprinted with permission from Siu et al.22 Copyright (2000) American Chemical Society)... 

For carbide modification of graphite tubes (for a recent review see Refs. [183, 184], use is made of physical and chemical vapor deposition with metals such as Ta, W, Zr, etc., which leads to the formation of MC-coated graphite tubes or platforms. A solid layer of tantalum or niobium carbide can also be obtained as a result of treatment of the graphite furnace with large quantities of pure salts or a suspension of the element or its oxide in water however, this can lead to tubes with shorter lifetimes. Alternatively, the surface may be treated with aqueous [e.g. of Na2WC>4, (NH CriCb or ZrOCh] or alcoholic solutions of the salts of the elements mentioned. 

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