Plasma measurement methodologies

To conclude this section on systems with multiple objectives, we will consider a specific plasma etching unit case study. This unit will be analyzed considering both categorical and continuous performance measurement variables. Provided that similar preference structures are expressed in both instances, we will see that the two approaches lead to similar final answers. Additional applications of the learning methodologies to multiobjective systems can be found in Saraiva and Stephanopoulos (1992b, c). 

Advances in Methodology for Measuring Plasma Protein Binding 498... 

ADVANCES IN METHODOLOGY FOR MEASURING PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING... 

Management depends upon the underlying cause. The cardinal measurement, apart from the preliminary finding of a raised haemoglobin or haematocrit in the blood, is a separate determination of red cell mass and plasma volume using either flow cytometry or the traditional radonuclide methodology. 

Multi-element determination of dissolved metals at ultratrace level may be performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). U.S. EPA s Methods 200.8 and 1638 present a methodology for measuring trace elements in waters and wastes by the above technique. Sample is acid digested and the solution is introduced by pneumatic nebulization into a radio-frequency plasma. The elements in the compounds are atomized and ionized. The ions are extracted from the plasma through a differentially pumped vacuum interface and separated by a quadrupole mass spectrometer by their mass to charge ratios. The mass spectrometer must have a resolution capability of 1 amu peak width at 5% peak height. 

The ex vivo IL-ip production was measured prior to administration of study product on the day blood samples were taken. The participants plasma was incubated with a THP-1 human mononuclear cell line in vitro. The cultured cells were then challenged with LPS, and the production of ILip was evaluated by ELISA methodology. 

This methodology, which allows the measurement of covalent bond energies, has been applied to a wide variety of systems. Many of these have been reviewed elsewhere and include atomic transition metal cations bonded to H, C, N, O, CH, NH, OH, CH2, NH2, CH3 [29,93], S, and 2S [99] transition metal cluster cations bound to D, O, [100], S [101], CH, CH2, and CH3 [102] and various inorganic species relevant to plasma chemistry [103]. 

The presence of organic fluorine in humans was first reported by Taves in 1968, although analytical methodologies were not adequate at the time for identification of specific PFCs [123]. In the past several years, primarily due to advances in analytical chemistry techniques, PFS As and PFCAs have been measured globally in human whole blood, plasma and serum [105,108,129-133]. Concentrations of PFS As and PFCAs in human populations in North America and worldwide have been reviewed by Lau et al. [23]. 

Lugli G, Krueger JM, Davis JM, Persico AM, KeUer F, Smalheiser NR (2003) Methodological factors influencing measurement and processing of plasma reelin in humans. BMC Biochem 4 9... 

---