Plants with other organisms

Ayers, A.R. Goodell, J.J. DeAngelis, P. In The Biochemical interactions of Plants with Other Organisms, Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, Volume 19 Conn, E.E. Cooper-Driver G Swain, T., eds. Plenum Press, 1985, pp. 1-20. 

Other isopentenoids. Many lipids other than steroids ere formed via the isopentenoid pathway. Terpenes and their derivatives are very important in interactions of plants with other organisms. Kuc and coworkers have proposed that fungal elicitors modify isopentenoid pathways in potato, shifting biosynthesis from triterpene alkaloids which are pre-infection inhibitors to sesquiterpene lactone stress metabolites (9). A variety of insect attractants, insect juvenile hormones, inhibitors and plant hormones are terpene derivatives. 

Chemical manipulation of phenolic allelochemical production in plants has two potential values 1) for study of the role of phenolic allelochemicals in plant interactions with other organisms and 2) to alter such interactions for agricultural purposes. The first of these uses has already been accomplished on a limited scale (21, 22, 50, 51, 84, 86), however, there is no published evidence of the latter. This does not mean that herbicide and growth regulator-influences on plant secondary metabolism do not affect agricultural ecosystems by changing allelochemic compositions of plants. It is likely that this is the case, but it... 

Bioremediation in situ is much more complicated than the system used in the laboratory controlled condition. Microorganisms in natural community interact with each other and also with other organisms and plants such interactions are more complicated than the scientific technique can delineate simply. Because of this, more systematic approaches are needed to reveal the connectivity between these biological factors and non-biological factors to understand the underlying processes. 

The double bond difference between the olefins and the paraffins is the quintessential difference between the petrochemicals and petroleum products— the petrochemicals industry depends much more on the chemical reactivity of the double-bonded molecules. While paraffins can be manipulated in refineries by separation or reshaping, olefins in a petrochemical plant are usually reacted with other organic compounds or another kind of atom or compound such as oxygen, chlorine, water, ammonia, or more of itself. The results are more complicated compounds useful in an increasing number of chemical applications. More on this in later chapters. 

Because plants take in carbon dioxide as long as they live, any carbon-14 lost to decay is immediately replenished with fresh carbon-14 from the atmosphere. In this way, a radioactive equilibrium is reached where there is a constant ratio of about 1 carbon-14 atom to every 100 billion carbon-12 atoms. When a plant dies, replenishment of carbon-1.4 stops. Then the percentage of carbon-14 decreases at a constant rate given by its half-life, but the amount of carbon-12 does not change because this isotope does not undergo radioactive decay. The longer a plant or other organism is dead, therefore, the less carbon-14 it contains relative to the constant amount of carbon-12. 

Fungi often grow in symbiotic association with other organisms. Of special importance are the mycorrhizae (fungus roots) formed by colonization of fine roots by beneficial soil fungi. Almost all plants of economic importance form mycorrihizae.104... 

Simple phenolics and flavonoids are often key determinants of the outcome of interactions with other organisms, including serving as allelopathic agents in interspecies plant-plant competition [Bais et al., 2004], acting as insect and herbivore deterrants [Feeny, 1970 Forkner et al., 2004 McAllister et al.,... 

BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF PHENYLPROPANOIDS IN MEDIATING PLANT INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER ORGANISMS... 

Advances in computer technology, computational chemistry, and theoretical understanding have yielded a battery of different tools for rationalizing and predicting chemical metabolism. This chapter briefly surveys some available methodologies that have been applied to answer a variety of different questions concerned with chemical metabolism, primarily for mammalian biotransformations, although biotransformations within plants and other organisms follow similar principles. 

Excluded is genetic material of human origin, any exotic animals, plants or other organisms provided it has not been biotechnologically altered with... 

WHO collaborating centres could be associated with the development of specifications of plant-based pesticides in collaboration with other organizations. 

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