Plane joint

Out-of-plane joints have been reviewed by Junhou and Shenoi, mainly in the context of marine structures [47]. The most common marine topologies are the monocoque or top-hat stiffened structures, using single skin glass/ polyester or vinyl ester laminates, and the sandwich or double wall structures with a foam core. The authors illustrate six different kinds of out-of-plane joints used in this context with FRP. 

P Junhou and R A Shenoi, Examination of key aspects defining the performance characteristics of out-of-plane joints in FRP marine structures . Composites 1996 27A 89-103. 

A plane Joint has two almost flat surfaces and is usually limited to a shding motion. An example of this surface type is the triquetral-pisiform articulation. 

Assume that F and F have a joint point- the origin (0,0). The angle between F and F, is assumed to be positive at the point (0,0). The domain = fl r corresponds to the mid-surface of the first plate whose midsurface belongs to the plane z = 0 the axis is orthogonal to the x, y)-plane. 

Compared with elbow fittings, bends with a centerhne radius of three or five nominal pipe diameters save the cost of joints and reduce pressure drop. Such bends are not suited for instaUation in a bank of pipes of unequal size when the bends are in the same plane as the bank. 

Ri = effective radius of miter bend, defined as the shortest distance from the pipe centerhne to the intersection of the planes of adjacent miter joints 0 = angle of miter cut, °... 

Table 1 contains the metal-to-metal engineering property requirements for Boeing Material Specification (BMS) 5-101, a structural film adhesive for metal to metal and honeycomb sandwich use in areas with normal temperature exposure. The requirements are dominated by shear strength tests. Shear strength is the most critical engineering property for structural adhesives, at least for the simplistic joint analysis that is commonly used for metal-to-metal secondary structure on commercial aircraft. Adhesive Joints are purposefully loaded primarily in shear as opposed to tension or peel modes as adhesives are typically stronger in shear than in Mode I (load normal to the plane of the bond) loading. 

Deflection of a joint The largest deformation of a joint subjected to a positive or negative pressure, given by the measured difference in distance from a reference plane outside the joint to the joint with and without pressure. 

Following the operating principle of the most commonly used universal joint, the input shaft and the output shaft both terminate in yokes that are oriented in mutually perpendicular planes. The branches of each yoke are pinned to a cross connector so that each yoke can pivot about its beam of the cross. This mechanism was employed in the sixteenth century by Italian mathematician Geronimo Cardano, who used it to maintain a shipboard compass in a horizontal plane, regardless of the movement of the ship. Consequently it is often called a Cardan joint. 

A Claisen flask of the type shown in Figure 48, II, has a wide side arm sealed into its neck at an angle which, for convenience, is about 45°. Any liquid in the side arm will then readily nm back into the flask. A 45° joint of this kind can be made quite easily with a hand torch a round end is put on the side arm, using a bench torch, and a hole is blown in this round end so that the plane in which the hole lies is at 45° to the tube axis. The wide side arm is joined to the flask neck, and the small side arm is then joined on. 

The computation of the above surface in the parameter space is not trivial. For the two-parameter case (p=2), the joint confidence region on the krk2 plane can be determined by using any contouring method. The contour line is approximated from many function evaluations of S(k) over a dense grid of (k, k2) values. 

Truss Stress Analysis The computation of member forces in an arbitrary plane truss is now examined. There exist some simple counting tests that may determine if a given truss is unstable. Failing that, one must attempt to compute the equilibrium state given some external forces in the process, one obtains values for all member forces. In this example, all truss members are identical in terms of material and area, grown in a developmental space where units are measured in meters EA is set to 1.57 x 104 N, corresponding to a modulus of elasticity for steel and a cylindrical member of diameter 1 cm. Consider a general truss with n joints and m beams external forces are applied at joints and the member forces are computed. Let the structure forces be... 

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