Planar deformation features

S4 Moderately shocked Weak mosaicism, planar fractures Undulutory extinction, partially isotropic, planar deformation features 30-35... 

Deformed quartz samples obtained from shock-recovery experiments were generally investigated with TEM (transmission electron microscopy) to study their planar deformation features. Furthermore, several studies on the atomic-scale structure of diaplectic quartz glass have been carried out by using X-ray diffraction and IR (infrared) and Raman spectroscopy techniques. In the next section, some recent structural investigations of diaplectic quartz glass will be reviewed. 

Although point defects certainly occur in nanoparticles (and unusual coordination sites are probably common in some very small nanoparticles), it is generally agreed that nanocrystals do not contain dislocations or other extended defects because the energetics of these features are significant and diffusion distances are small. So (in the absence of deformation), given that all big crystals start out small, where do dislocations and planar defects in macroscopic materials come from ... 

Analysis of molecular loops is based on the features that differentiate between curves in space. In its simplest form, curves can be classified into two classes according to their possible embedding in the plane. A molecular chain that can, after allowed deformations, be drawn ( embedded ) in two dimensions is essentially different from one that cannot. In this latter case, all possible two-dimensional projections of the curve will exhibit overcrossings and never be reduced to a planar structure. 

The two most important features that are produced when strata are deformed by earth movements are folds and faults, that is, the rocks are buckled orfractured, respectively. A fold is produced when a more or less planar surface is deformed to give a waved surface. On the other hand, a fault represents a surface of discontinuity along which the strata on either side have been displaced relative to each other. 

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