Placentation basal

Animal nutritionists have developed formulas to guide them in recommending the amount of food to feed animals in captive situations such as in zoos. First, the number of calorics needed to maintain the animal while at rest is determined—this is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). In general, a reptile s BMR is only 15 percent that of a placental mammal, while a bird s is quite a bit higher than both a reptile s and a mammal s. For all animals, the number of calories they should receive on a maintenance diet is twice that used at the basal metabolic rate. A growing animal should receive three times the number of calories at the BMR, while an animal in the reproductive phase should receive four to six times the BMR. 

Either Transwell inserts or side-by-side diffusion chambers can be used for transport studies. Bode et al. have provided an excellent review on this subject [60], Briefly, cells are incubated for 30-60 min with a buffer solution. To initiate the transport study, a transport buffer containing the drug under investigation is added to either the apical or the basal chamber depending on the transport direction of interest. At predetermined time points, the respective receiver chamber is sampled and the withdrawn volume is replaced with the same volume of fresh buffer. The permeability coefficient (Papp) is calculated and the ratio of /apP in the basolateral-to-apical direction versus that in the apical-to-basolateral direction gives the efflux ratio. These sort of transport experiments are well suited to determine if drugs/xenobiotics are substrates of the placental efflux proteins. 

M. Inuyama, F. Ushigome, A. Emoto, N. Koyabu, S. Satoh, K. Tsukimori, H. Nakano, H. Ohtani, and Y. Sawada. Characteristics of L-lactic acid transport in basal membrane vesicles of human placental syncytiotrophoblast. Am J Physiol. 283 C822-C830 (2002). 

Leaves usually large placentation usually axile or apical or basal stamens mostly numerous. 

Pepper lovers know well what chemists have now demonstrated, namely that capsaicinoids are accumulated in the inner placental part of peppers and especially in their basal and apical sections. Therefore, pungency can be moderate by removing the irmer part of the pod, which contains the placenta, and cutting away its tip and... 

In the Slovak study investigating the average lead concentrations in the placental tissue (200 samples) collected from four regions of different environmental pollutants and traffic density the levels in range 0.0094-0.0324 mg/kg were found. This study revealed that placental contamination with lead depended on the traffic-related environmental pollution rather than the industrial sources. Among the observed contaminated structures in the placental tissue, the syncytiotrophoblast was the most frequent site for lead (and nickel) particulate deposits. Additionally, a transport of the lead particles from basal plate to chorionic plate was found (Reichrtova et al., 1998a,b). 

In term placenta, there are two ceil layers (syncytium and endothelium) with basal laminae and connective tis.sue in between (Jinga et ai, 2000), Information on the detailed cellular structure of the placenta is still emerging (Ockleford et al., 2004), Histologically, several cell types with their specialized functions can be recognized in the placental tissue (Table 1), Whereas some factors, such as endothelin,... 

NagasJuge, M., Ushigome, E, Koyabu, N., Hirata, K., Kawabuchi. M., Hirakawa, T Satoh, S., Tsukimori, K Nakano, H, Uehiumi, T, Kuwano, M Ohtani, H and Sawada Y. (2003). Basal membrane localization of MRPl in human placental trophoblast. Placenta 24,951 -958. 

Colchicine, given intraperitoneally to rats before and after injection of L-[ H]fucose, markedly inhibits the incorporation of labelled glycoprotein into microvillus membrane with a corresponding increase in incorporation into the lateral basal membrane. By using specific immunochemical techniques in combination with two-dimensional electrophoresis, it is possible to identify a set of four glycoprotein sub-units present only in placental brush border membranes. A group of seven placental glycoproteins was found to be common to liver and kidney membranes. 

---