Pigment fixing

Parchment Shop. There are five restorers in this shop. Parchment documents and book covers to be restored get a mechanical surface cleaning with soft erasers then harder ones, if required, to remove dirt and grime. Hard, embrittled, and dry artifacts have their inks and pigments fixed with an acrylic resin spray or with a fine brush dipped in paraloid before immersion in a bath of ethanol and water (70% and 30%, respectively). 

Non-pigmenting fixed drug eruptions proven by oral rechallenge have been reported with pseudoephedrine in each of these cases the eiythematous lesions spontaneously remitted without residual pigmentation (23-25). 

Benson PM, Giblin WJ, Douglas DM. Transient, non-pigmenting fixed drug eruption caused by radiopaque contrast media. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 23(2 Pt 2) 379-81. 

Paracetamol can rarely cause fixed drug eruptions (64,65), including an unusual non-pigmented fixed drug eruption (66). 

I 983) Westerhof W+, Br] Dermatol 109, 605 Tongue pigmentation (fixed eruption)... 

Lumogen . [BASF] Fluorescent yeUow pigment fix prod, of wax chalks, crayons, crack detectcxs. 

Morais P, Baudrier T, Mota A, Cunha AP, Cadinha S, Barros AM, Azevedo F. Non-pigmented fixed drug eruption induced by esomeprazole. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2010 29(3) 217-20. 

The major use of CMC in conservation has been on paper, as an adhesive (Razdan, 1969), as a moisture-holding gel during aqueous surface treatments, as a pigment fixative (Brenner, 1974) and as paper consolidant by lamination... 

Oinuma, M. Hashimoto, S. Shimoyama, S. Noda, H. Xanthene pigments fixed on supports, their preparation, and makeup cosmetics containing them. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 10316877, 1998 Chem. Abstr. 1998, 130, 17113. 

Transparent white pigments (extenders) commonly used in inks, in order of decreasing transparency, ate alumina hydrate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, blanc fixe (precipitated barium sulfate), talc, and clay. Extenders ate sometimes used to reduce the color strength and change the theology of inks. 

For the purpose of paint formulation the most important units of equipment are the laboratory ball mill, bead mills and high speed dispersers. The most common, the ball mill, consists of a cylindrical porcelain vessel a little more than half filled with steel, porcelain balls or pebbles. Pigment, together with sufficient binder and solvent to make a free-flowing mix, is loaded into the mill until it is approximately two-thirds full. The mill is then closed and fixed into a device whereby it is made to rotate about its major axis. Normally, a period of about 16 hours is required for thorough dispersion of the pigment, whereupon the mill-base is emptied out and blended with the remainder of the ingredients. 

---