Pictorial illustration

Note that the horizontal equilibrium (2.1) in the cycle corresponds to the translocation process pictorially illustrated in Fig. 2.9. Moreover,... 

For Nitinol - at the transition Ms, atoms begins to shear uniformly throughout the crystal. As the temperature is lowered the atomic shear continues to increase. At temperature, Mf, the atoms shear to their maximum point and assume a new structure. Thus, between Ms and Mr temperature interval the crystal structure of Nitinol is undefined and belongs neither to austenite nor to martensite . Therefore, thermodynamically, it should be classified as the second-order transformation. This is illustrated in Fig. 3. Conventionally - above Ms temperature, the whole crystal assume a crystal structure identified as austenite . At Ms temperature, a new crystal structure of martensite begins to form through two-dimensional (planar) atomic shear. The two crystal structures of austenite and martensite therefore share an identical plane known as Invariant Plane. As the temperature is lowered, the two dimensional shear (or more correctly, shift ) continue to take place one plane at a time such that the Invariant Plane moves in the direction as to increase the volume of martensite at the expense of austenite . Ultimately, at Mt temperature the whole crystal becomes martensite . Since between Ms and Mf any given micro-volume of the crystal must belong to either the austenite or the martensite , the transformation is of the first-order thermodynamically. This case is pictorially illustrated in Fig. 4. 

Fig. 3. 2-dimensional pictorial illustration of atomic movements in Nitinol during the transition above Ms (O ), intermediate between Ms and Mf ( ) with arrow indicating direction of atomic shear, and below Mf(0 ) ... 

Pictorial illustration of conventional Austenite crystal structure above Ms temperature... 

Fig. 2. Pictorial illustration of an electron pair transfer from covalent bond to free electron band and back to covalent bond...

Figure 4.10 A pictorial illustration of splay vector order parameter configuration on a sphere with formation of two vortices at the north and south poles.

FIGURE 6.7 Pictorial illustration of the factors that control the variation of the barrier heights. 

So there are four infrared/Raman coincident lines for the cis isomer. When M is Mo and L is PCI3, the trans isomer has indeed only one infrared CO stretch band, while there are four for the cis isomer. These results are summarized in Fig. 7.3.12, along with the pictorial illustrations of the CO stretching modes. It appears that the two Ai modes of the cis isomer do not couple strongly. Also, this is another example for the general rule that a more symmetrical molecule will have fewer infrared bands. 

The 20 vibrational modes of benzene are pictorially illustrated in Fig. 7.3.16. Also shown are the observed frequencies. In this figure, i (CH) and i (CC) represent C-H and C-C stretching modes, respectively, while 8 and n denote in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes, respectively. For each E mode, only one component is shown. 

In writing this book we aimed to close this gap by taking the reader all the way from general definitions through to the detailed treatment required in specific experimental situations. In the course of this aim we arrived at a kind of three-dimensional space for the book, with pictorial illustration, strict theory and experimental examples as its eigenvectors . 

Fig. 20 Pictorial illustration of the hypothetical mechanism of the action of oxalate on the reduction of [188Re04]. Oxalate ions react first with the teraoxo anion forming an intermediate Re(VII) complex and causing the concomitant expansion of the coordination sphere of the metal from tetrahedral to octahedral. Successively, electron transfer takes place from Sn2+ ions to the octahedral metal center...

A pictorial illustration of equivalent objects is depicted below where the individual elements occupy the edges of a complete graph ... 

Figure 3.45. Pictorial illustration of the y(AA)response in oscillatoiy experiments. The barrier is represented by the horizontal solid line, its oscillation, leading to din A is on the vertical axis, the y -response on the horizontal one. The phase angle 0 is related to the ellipticity in panel (c).

An >B> AHn [18]. In these circumstances, when compartment A exists in its protonated form, AHn, the metal prefers to reside in B. On increasing the pH, compartment A deprotonates and M chooses to move to it in order to profit from more intense metal-ligand interactions. Then, on subsequent addition of standard acid and protonation of An, the metal leaves the no longer appealing compartment AHn and moves back to B. The reversible pH-controlled translocation of M between compartments A and B in a two-box ditopic receptor is pictorially illustrated in Fig. 9. 

This situation is pictorially illustrated in Fig. 14, in which compartments A and B have been laid down on two adjacent pages of a book. Thus, the transition state for the translocation process corresponds to a situation of maximum folding, in which the two halves of the receptor (the two pages of the book) are brought one to face the other at the closest possible distance, an event which precedes the metal transfer. The bulky anthracene substituent raises the energy of such a transition state, thus reducing the rate of both direct and reverse translocation processes. 

Fig. 2-2 Pictorial illustration of (algebraic) zero-overlap between it- and n-orbitals.

Figure 3. Pictorial illustration of ship-in-a-bottle synthesis of metal clusters, Rh6(CO)i6 assembled in NaY cages by the suecessive carbonylation of Rh ions using CO + H2O or CO + H2 as building blocks, which are introduced by the ion-exchange methods and gas admission.

Figure 23.5. Mechanism of photoluminescence from nc-Si/Si02 nanocomposites Left pictorial illustration, right energy levels involved in (1) the photogeneration of electron-hole pairs in the silicon nanocrystals, the band gap and transition probabilities of which increase with decreasing crystallite size, which is followed by an energy transfer to localized radiative centers, such as (2) a non-bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) in the Si02 layer or (2 ) a metallic impurity.

A pictorial illustration of the model was already given in Figure 6.2. If the average density of water at the surface (ps) is different from that in the bulk (pe), that should be included in the conservation law that applies on average of each of the species described above. 

On the basis of all these considerations a model can be proposed to account for the capacity decline in LPB prototypes. According to this model, which is pictorially illustrated in Figure 6.29, the loss in capacity would be in part apparent—i.e. due to the fact that a fraction of the charging current is shunted along lithium microdendrites and thus not available for driving the electrochemical process—and in part real—i.e. associated with low diffusion kinetics and with electrical isolation of particles of the intercalation active compound in the positive electrode composite mixture. 

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