Phytochemistry flowers

Phytochemistry Flowers, stems, and leaves contain condelphine, delphiline, delatine, delsine, delsoline, isobaldine, etc., as well as aconitic acid. During the bud stage buds contain up to 0.8 % alkaloids, and during the flowering stage flowers contain up to 2 % alkaloids. The roots contain up to 1 % alkaloids (Dzhakupova 1968 Vaisov and Yunusov 1987 Narsullaev et al. 1989 Altimishev 1991). 

Phytochemistry Flowering plant tops contain 0.01-0.04 % essential oil (similar to Salvia sclarea in composition) with a pleasant aroma. In leaves there were 47 mg% vitamin C, and seeds contained up to 19 % oil (Khalmatov 1964). Triterpenoids, including ursane, oleanane, and lupane derivatives were isolated from the aboveground parts (Savona et al. 1987). The roots were found to contain a number of caffeic acid derivatives (rosmarinic acid, Uthospetmic add B, etc.), diterpenes (royleanone, ferruginol, taxodione, etc.), and the steroid daucosterol (Tezuka et al. 1998). 

Saito, N. and Osawa, Y., Platyconin, a new acylated anthocyanin in Chinese bell flower, Platycodon grandflorum. Phytochemistry, 10, 445, 1971. 

Heuer, S. et al., Betacyanins from flowers of Gomphrena globosa. Phytochemistry, 31, 1801, 1992. 

Tanaka, M. et al., A malonylated anthocyanin and flavonols in blue Meconopsis flowers, Phytochemistry, 56, 373, 2001. 

Akihisa T, Ken Y, Hirotoshi O, Yoshimasa K. Triterpene alcohols from the flowers of Compositae and their anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemistry 1996 43 1255-1260. 

Drewes SE, Van Vunren SF. (2008) Antimicrobial acylphloroglucinol and dibenzoyloxy flavonoids from flowers of Helichrysum gymnocomum. Phytochemistry 69 1745-1749. 

Saito, K., Yoshino, T., Sekine, T., Ohmiya, S., Kubo, H. and Otomasu, H., Murakoshi, 1.1989. Isolation of (+)-maackianine (norammodendrine) from flowers of Maackia amurensis. Phytochemistry, 28 2533-2534. 

CS117 Fujimori, N. and H. Ashihara. CS128 Adenine metabolism and the synthesis of purine alkaloids in flowers of Camellia. Phytochemistry 1990 29(11) CS129... 

Ishikura, N. Flavonol glycosides in the flowers of Hibiscus mutahilis f. versicolor. Agr Biol Chem 1982 46 1705-1706. Smith, R. M., and]. M. Robinson. The essential oil of ginger from Fiji. Phytochemistry 1981 20 203-206. Anon. Analgesic formulations containing shogaol and gingerol. Patent-Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-82 46,914 1982 5 pp. 

Pale, E. et al., Acylated anthocyanins from the flowers of Ipomoea asarifolia, Phytochemistry, 48, 1433, 1998. 

Terahara, N. et al., Triacylated anthocyanins from Ajuga reptans flowers and cell cultures. Phytochemistry, 42, 199, 1996. 

Slimestad, R., Aaberg, A., and Andersen, 0.M., Acylated anthocyanins from petunia flowers. Phytochemistry, 50, 1081, 1999. 

Fossen, T. et al., Covalent anthocyanin-flavonol complexes from flowers of chive. Allium schoe-noprasum, Phytochemistry, 54, 317, 2000. 

Sasaki, K. and Takahashi, T., A flavonoid from Brassica rapa flower as the UV-absorbing nectar guide, Phytochemistry, 61, 339, 2002. 

Hosokawa, K. et al., Seven acylated anthocyanins in the blue flowers of Hyacinthus orientalis. Phytochemistry, 38, 1293, 1995. 

Fossen, T. and 0vstedal, D.O., Anthocyanins from flowers of the orchids Dracula chimaera amd D. cordobae. Phytochemistry, 63, 783, 2003. 

Fossen, T., Larsen, A., and Andersen 0.M., Anthocyanins from flowers and leaves of Nymphaea X marliacea cultivars, Phytochemistry, 48, 823, 1998. 

Norbask, R. and Kondo, T., Further anthocyanins from flowers of Crocus antalyensis (Iridaceae), Phytochemistry, 50, 325, 1999. 

Bloor, S.J. and Falshaw, R., Covalently linked anthocyanin-flavonol pigments from blue Agapan-thus flowers. Phytochemistry, 53, 575, 2000. 

Bloor, S.J., A macrocyclic anthocyanin from red/mauve carnation flowers, Phytochemistry, 49, 225, 1998. 

Saito, N. et al., Acylated pelargonidin 3,7-glycosides from red flowers of Delphinium hybridum. Phytochemistry, 49, 881, 1998. 

Hasan, A. et al.. Two flavonol triglycosides from flowers of Indigofera hebepetal, Phytochemistry, 43, 1115, 1996. 

Toki, K. et al., (Delphinidin 3-gentiobiosyl) (apigenin 7-glucosyl) malonate from the flowers of Eichhornia crassipes, Phytochemistry, 36, 1181, 1994. 

Markham, K.R. et al., Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions — their nature and significance in flower colouration. Phytochemistry, 55, 327, 2000. 

Markham, K.R., Gould, K.S., and Ryan, K.G., Cytoplasmic accumulation of flavonoids in flower petals and its relevance to yellow flower colouration. Phytochemistry, 58, 403, 2001. 

Fukui, Y. et al., A rationale for the shift in colour towards blue in transgenic carnation flowers expressing the flavonoid 3, 5 -hydroxylase gene. Phytochemistry, 63, 15, 2003. 

Bloor, S.J., Blue flower colour derived from flavonol-anthocyanin co-pigmentation in Ceanothus papillosus, Phytochemistry, 45, 1399, 1997. 

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