Physicochemical properties ideal system

Physicochemical properties of molten systems have an applied significance due to their wide use in both technological process planning and in production equipment design. Analysis of various melt properties versus different parameters of the melt enables to infer the interaction mechanism between the initial components, and in some cases, even to estimate the possible composition of the main complex ions formed in the melt [312]. From this point of view, the analysis of isotherms of physicochemical properties versus melt composition and of the magnitude of their deviation from ideal conditions is of most interest. 

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As noted in the introduction, a major aim of the current research is the development of "black-box" automated reactors that can produce particles with desired physicochemical properties on demand and without any user intervention. In operation, an ideal reactor would behave in the manner of Figure 12. The user would first specify the required particle properties. The reactor would then evaluate multiple reaction conditions until it eventually identified an appropriate set of reaction conditions that yield particles with the specified properties, and it would then continue to produce particles with exactly these properties until instructed to stop. There are three essential parts to any automated system—(1) physical machinery to perform the process at hand, (2) online detectors for monitoring the output of the process, and (3) decision-making software that repeatedly updates the process parameters until a product with the desired properties is obtained. The effectiveness of the automation procedure is critically dependent on the performance of these three subsystems, each of which must satisfy a number of key criteria the machinery should provide precise reproducible control of the physical process and should carry out the individual process steps as rapidly as possible to enable fast screening the online detectors should provide real-time low-noise information about the end product and the decision-making software should search for the optimal conditions in a way that is both parsimonious in terms of experimental measurements (in order to ensure a fast time-to-solution) and tolerant of noise in the experimental system. 

Keeping all these circumstances in mind, it becomes understandable why the use of traditional solvents for biphasic catalysis (e.g., water or butanediol) has only been able to fiilfiU this potential in a few specific examples [41]. Whereas, this type of highly specialized liquid-liquid biphasic operation is an ideal field for the application of ionic liquids, mainly due to their exactly tuneable physicochemical properties (see Section 3.3 for more details). Very recently it has been demonstrated that the solubility and miscibility properties of ionic liquids can be varied so widely that even mutually immiscible ionic liquids can be realized [42], However, applications of these ionic liquid-ionic liquid biphasic systems in catalysis have not yet been described. 

The use of the above quantities in the selection of potential solvents for extractive distillation has to be approached with caution as the physicochemical properties of the system at infinite dilution can differ quite markedly from that at te concentration [16], where for conventional extractive distillation, the latter represents the technically relevant composition range. Since the condition at infinite dilution is one of maximum non-ideality and the value of the activity coefficient is highly concentration-dependant, selectivity values at finite concentration can be much lower than those at infinite dilution [59]. 

Typically this technique includes the preparation of the base material that involves the blending of film-forming excipients and therefore the API mixed along in a very appropriate solvent or solvent system. The choice of solvent basically depends on the API to be incorporated into the film/strip. The physicochemical properties of the API like heat sensitivity, shear sensitivity, the polymorphic mode of the API utilized, compatibihty of the API with solvent and different strip excipients are to be critically studied. The several components during this are liquid rheology, desired mass to be forged and content uniformity. Solvents used for the preparation of solution or suspension ought to ideally be elite ones from the ICH 3 solvent list [2]. 

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