Physical stressors

Psychosocial or physical stressors that may precipitate an episode and strategies for coping with stressful life events / Limiting substances and drugs that can trigger mood episodes / Development of a crisis intervention plan Other nonpharmacologic approaches include ... 

Because exposure occurs where receptors co-occur with or contact stressors in the environment, characterizing the spatial and temporal distribution of a stressor is a necessary precursor to estimating exposure. The stressor s spatial and temporal distribution in the environment is described by evaluating the pathways that stressors take from the source as well as the formation and subsequent distribution of secondary stressors. For chemical stressors, the evaluation of pathways usually follows the type of transport and fate modeling described in Chapter 27. Some physical stressors such as sedimentation also can be modeled, but other physical stressors require no modeling because they eliminate entire ecosystems or portions of them, such as when a wetland is filled, a resource is harvested, or an area is flooded. 

Finally, many extrapolation methods are limited by the availability of suitable databases. Although these databases are generally largest for chemical stressors and aquatic species, even in these cases data do not exist for all taxa or effects. Chemical effects databases for mammals, amphibians, or reptiles are extremely limited, and there is even less information on most biological and physical stressors. Extrapolations and models are only as useful as the data on which they are based and should recognize the great uncertainties associated with extrapolations that lack an adequate empirical or process-based rationale. 

Physical stressors can be modified by the ecosystem as well. For example, siltation in streams depends not only on sediment volume, but on flow regime and physical stream characteristics. Similarly, nearby wetlands and levees influence water behavior during flood events. 

Posttraumatic stress disorder—An anxiety disorder in which exposure to an exceptional mental or physical stressor is followed by persistent re-experiencing of the event, avoidance of reminders of the event, and arousal symptoms. 

Numerous methods are available to measure or model the impact of explosives contamination and detonation craters or other physical stressors on vegetation. U.S. Army installations may collect data on the distribution of vegetation and soils to describe plant communities and the distribution of small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians to characterize species-specific habitat as part of the Land Condition... 

The release of endogenous corticosteroids due to nonspecific stress has often been credited with such thymic effects. It is well documented that chemical, psychological, and physical stressors can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis thereby culminating in increased levels of endogenous... 

C. Psychological and Physical Stressors Impair Blood-Brain Barrier Functioning... 

Physical stressors include ionizing radiation (alpha, beta, gamma, neutron, X-ray radiation), nonionizing radiation (infrared, ultraviolet, visible light, radio frequency, microwave, and laser radiation),... 

Main forms of physical stressors noise, temperature, light vibration and repetitive strain radiations. Main effects on the body. 

Control strategies for these physical stressors. Main legai requirements. 

Main methods of detection, sampling and measurement of hazardous substances or physical stressors in the work and general environment continuous monitoring spot sampling personal samplers. 

This chapter looks at sampling or monitoring what are called physical and chemical stressors which may be foimd in the work environment in order to evaluate the magnitude or size of the risk they present. Physical stressors include ... 

Some of the physical stressors that influence physical stress are duration of the stress, fatigue, pain or discomfort, hunger or thirst, temperature extremes, atmospheric pressure extremes, oxygen insufficiency, vibration, and disruption of circadian rhythm. 

Szeto, G.P, Straker, L.M. 0 sullivan, P.B. (2005) EMG median frequency changes in the neck-shoulder stabilizers of symptomatic office workers when challenged by different physical stressors. J Electromyogr Kine-siol, 15, 544-55. 

A measure of exposure is a measure of the degree to which a receptor is exposed to a stressor, (a) Measures of physical stressors fragmentation of forest habitat, degrees of temperature rise, number of dams, (b) Measures of chemical stressors concentrations in enviromnental media, co-occurrence with... 

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