Physical and Chemical Properties of JP

JP-8 is a complex mixture containing more than 200 aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds with nine to 17 (or perhaps more) carbon atoms, including thousands of isomeric forms that distill at 170-325°C, and three to six nonhydrocarbon performance additives (Henz 1998 DOD 1992). The precise composition of JP-8 varies from batch to batch. Some of the physical and chemical properties of JP-8 are summarized in Table 1 -1, and the additives in JP-8 are summarized in Table 1-2. 

The approximate ranges of the major hydrocarbon classes (by volume %) in JP-8 are as follow (Vere 1984)  

This report contains 11 chapters in addition to this introductory chapter. Chapter 2 describes issues relevant to assessing exposure of military personnel to JP-8. Chapter 3 discusses the toxicokinetics and toxicody-namics of JP-8. Chapters 4-10 summarize studies on the effects of JP-8 on the respiratory 

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E-3.a Chemical Identity, Composition and Chemical/Physical Properties of JP-4 E-3.b Typical Hydrocarbon Composition of JP-4 Jet Fuel E-3.C Physical and Chemical Properties of JP-4... 

To address its charge, the subcommittee reviewed data on physical and chemical properties of JP-8, toxicokinetics of JP-8, epidemiologic and toxicologic evidence of adverse health effects of JP-8, and Air Force operational scenarios that might result in exposure to JP-8 vapors and aerosols. In addition to reviewing health-effects data on JP-8, the subcommittee reviewed toxicity data on kerosene and other kerosene-based fuels (such as JP-5) that are similar to JP-8. The subcommittee reviewed toxicity data on JP-8 vapors as well as JP-8 aerosols. The subcommittee used the available data to evaluate the scientific basis of the Air Force interim PEL of 350 mg/m3. 

This chapter discusses issues relevant to assessing exposure of military personnel to jet-propulsion fuel 8 (JP-8). The chapter begins with a description of various scenarios under which military personnel are exposed to JP-8, followed by a brief discussion of the challenges of quantifying human exposure to this distillate fuel. The next section contains a summary of data from studies that have measured concentrations of several components of JP-8 in ambient air at Air Force aircraft maintenance sites. Studies measuring body burden of several JP-8 components in workers involved in aircraft maintenance are also presented. The final section of this chapter describes how the physical and chemical properties of JP-8 affect uptake into the body from exposure by the inhalation, dermal, and oral routes. This last section also serves as a prelude to interpretation of animal toxicity studies conducted with distillate fuels (e.g., JP-8) that are described in later chapters. 

The U.S. Navy has been involved for some time in the development of Navy fuels from alternative sources (shale oil, tar sands and coal). As a part of this effort, the Naval Research Laboratory and the Naval Air Propulsion Center have been studying the characteristics of these fuels (.1, 2). NKL and NAPC are currently participating in a program to characterize the products from the Shale-II refining process conducted by the Standard Oil Company of Ohio (SOHIO) at their refinery in Toledo, Ohio. This paper is concerned with a part of this program and is a surrmary of the work on the physical and related properties of three military type fuels derived from shale JP-5 and JP-8 jet turbine fuels, and diesel fuel marine (DEM) (3, 5). Another paper of this symposium (6) will discuss the chemical characterization of the fuels. 

W Kauzmann, Thermodynamics and Statistics, WA Benjamin Inc, New York, 1967. Data are from HF Westrum and, JP McCul-iough. Physics and Chemistry of the Organic Solid Slate, D Fox, iM Labes, and A Weissberger, eds.. Chapter 1, Interscience, 1963 DD Wagman et al.. Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 270-1, Washington, DC, 1963. 

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