Phthalogen

They were introduced in the late 1940s for the textile printing of cellulosic fabrics under the trade names Alcian (ICI) and Phthalogen (BAY). Both types resulted in the insolubilisation of copper phthalocyanine or related pigments within the fibre, although the respective application techniques differed considerably. Reactive phthalocyanine dyes in the 1960s superseded these early approaches to the attainment of fast bright blues and turquoises on cellulosic fabrics [63]. 

As with oxidation dyes, the actual dye in the Phthalogen process-the insoluble phthalocyanine pigment-is formed in the fiber itself. The dyeing is performed with precursors. There are two main processes. 

Polyisoindolenines, which are high-molecular Phthalogen developers and are complexes of heavy metals and indolenine, are developed with reducing agents in a wet treatment. The polyisoindolenine complexes are fiber-affinitive and can be applied by using the exhaustion process. Their substantivity is low but can be increased by pretreating the cellulose with anionic products. Reductive development is performed in an alkaline medium with hydrosulfite. For details, see [82, 83],... 

Dyeings made with Phthalogen developers are characterized by high brilliance and excellent fastness. Thus, they are suitable for washfast and weatherproof articles. No danger of photochromism exists if a finishing operation is performed with synthetic resin products. 

For printing, the Phthalogen dye is mixed in a printing paste with solvents, and an ammoniacal solution of a copper or nickel complex. After printing, the fabric is dried immediately above 80°C, and fixation is accomplished by steaming for 8-5 min at 100-102°C or by hot-air treatment at 135-145°C for 3-5 min. Excess heavy metal is removed by an acid treatment, and thickener and loosely adhering dye pigment are washed off. 

In a two-bath, two-step dyeing process, other dyes suited to dye CEL fibers may also be used for PES-CEL blends. For instance, in spite of its tediousness, Naphtol AS dyeing is still employed (see Section 4.8), especially for wetfast red shades, and the Phthalogen process is used for turquoise (see Section 4.9.5). Pigment dyeing is also applied to PES-CEL blends. 

Amino-l-iminoisoindole. 1,3-Diiminoisoindolenine. 1,3-Diiminoisoindoline. Phthalimidimide. Phthalocyanine blue 01216. Phthalogene brilliant blue IF3G. Fastogen blue 5040 [3468-11-9]... 

Phthalogene brilliant blue IF3G, see 1-00022 Phthaloylacetic acid, see D-00991... 

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