Phthalocyanine oxide semiconductors

Phthalocyanines possess intense absorption bands in the near-IR region and are known for their excellent stability, rendering them attractive for photovoltaic applications [62]. They have been repeatedly tested in the past as sensitizers of wide-band-gap oxide semiconductors and obtained poor incident photon-to-electric current conversion yields remaining under 1%, which is insufficient for... 

The basic idea that guides the insulated-gate field-effect transistor (FET) traces back to the mid-1920s [14], but it was not until 1960 that this early concept could be successfully demonstrated, with the invention of the metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET) [15]. Field-effect measurements on copper phthalocyanine films were... 

Dyes and Pigments. Several thousand metric tons of metallated or metal coordinated phthalocyanine dyes (10) are sold annually in the United States. The partially oxidized metallated phthalocyanine dyes are good conductors and are called molecular metals (see Semiconductors Phthalocyanine compounds Colorants forplastics). Azo dyes (qv) are also often metallated. The basic unit for a 2,2 -azobisphenol dye is shown as stmcture (11). Sulfonic acid groups are used to provide solubiHty, and a wide variety of other substituents influence color and stabiHty. Such complexes have also found appHcations as analytical indicators, pigments (qv), and paint additives. 

Low-molecular semiconductors and, in particular, phthalocyanines are known to exhibit photosensitizing properties268. The photosensitizing activity of these substances has been studied in most detail for the reaction of oxidation of ascorbic acid. 

I.G. Hill and A. Kahn, Combined photoemission in vacuotransport study of the indium tin oxide/copper phthalocyanine/A, iV8-diphenyl- N, NR-bis. l-naphthyl.-l,18biphenyM,49diamine molecular organic semiconductor system, J. Appl. Phys., 86 2116-2122 (1991). 

This problem was solved by means of phthalocyanin sensors. Phthalocyanin, an organic semiconductor, was deposited as a thin film on a microstructured silicon substrate. This could detect nitrogen oxides, ozone, and sulfur dioxide it took less than 1 s to detect concentrations below 1 ppm. 

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