Phthalic add

Several authors studied the influence of substituents on activation parameters. Bad-dar et al.315 who studied the polyesterification of y-arylitaconic anhydrides and adds with 1,2-ethanediol found that in the non-catalyzed reaction a p-methoxy substituent decreases both the activation enthalpy and the entropy whereas an increase is observed with a p-chloro substituent. On the other hand, Huang et al., who studied the esterification of 2,2-dimethyl-l,3-propanediol with benzoic, butanedioic, hexanedioic, decanedioic and o-phthalic add found the same values since the activation enthalpy is 64 kJ mol-1 for the first reaction and 61 kJ mol-1 for the others. 

NitrO P phthalic Add (Nitroterephthalic Acid). Only one isomer is possible. Crysts, mp 268— 70°. Easily sol in ale or eth, sol in hot w. Can be prepd by nitration of terephthalic acid or by other methods given in the Refs. Some of its salts are probably expl... 

The development of plasticizers has been plagued with toxicity problems. Thus the use of highly toxic polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been discontinued. Blood stored in plasticized PVC blood bags and tubing may extract phthalic add esters, such as DOP. These aromatic esters are also distilled slowly from PVC upholstery in closed automobiles in hot weather. These problems have been solved by using oligomeric polyesters as nonfugitive plasticizers instead of DOP. 

Di-n-AMYL PHTHALATE Diamyl Phthalate, Dipentyl Phthalate, Phthalic Add, diamyl ester, Phthalic Add, dipentyl ester NL 0 1 0... 

Bauer MJ, Herrmann R. 1997. Estimation of the environmental contamination by phthalic add esters leaching from household wastes. Sci Total Environ 208 49-57. 

B. Horwood, et al., Phthalic Adds, in Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 17, 3rd edn., p. 732. John Wiley Sons,... 

Multiply hydroxylated benzene derivatives react with phthalic add anhydride and a suitable activator when heated, in a double C acylation. Evidently, under these conditions, the activating influence of the additional OH groups is still sensible after the first acyl group has been introduced. The resulting doubly acylated product is a 9,10-anthraquinone. Compounds of this type are important as dyes ... 

Nitrophthalic acid has usually been prepared by nitration of phthalic add or phthalic anhydride, followed by separation from the accompanying 3-nitrophthalic acid. It has also been prepared from 6-nitro-2-naphthol-4-sidfonic acid (obtained from the technical diazo-anhydride of 6-nitro-i-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid). The present procedure is more convenient than any of the earlier methods. 

The well known synthesis of low molecular phthalocyanines Pc, 2) starts from phthalic add derivatives like 1,2-dicyanobenzene, 1,3-diiminoisoindolenine and jAthalic anhydride The yield of metal free or metal containing Pc is often high (80-100%). By starting with a Wfunctional material like 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCB) or pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) a polymeric phthalocyanine (polyPc) (86) must be formed under the same conditions (Eq. 40). But the determination of structure and molecular weight is very difficult. Byproducts may be formed and the resulting polymers are often less soluble. But structure investigations are very important to correlate structure and property. 

Phosphoric Add Phthalic Add Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Nitrate... 

From the chloride of phthalic add phthalophenone is formed, important on account of its relation to the fluorescein dyes ... 

The advantage of phthalic add esters as test substances is their liquid nature and good miscibility with different mobile phases. In addition they can be used in straight phase as well as reversed phase systems. Table 3.16 gives the compositions of test mixtures for normal and reversed phase columns. 

Fig. 1 Separation of carboxylic acids (schematic representation). Citric acid (1), lactic add (2), phthalic add (3), sebadnic add (4), salicylic add (S), mixture (M).

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