Photovoltaic-electrolysis

Khaselev, O., Bansal, A., and Turner, J.A., High-efficiency integrated multijunction photovoltaic/ electrolysis systems for hydrogen production, Int.. Hydrogen Energ., 26,127,2001. 

Murphy OJ, Bockris JOM (1984) Photovoltaic electrolysis Hydrogen and electricity from water and light. Int J Hydrogen Energy 9 557-561... 

Fischer M (1986) Review of hydrogen production with photovoltaic electrolysis system. Int J Hydrogen Energy 11 495-501... 

Esteve D, Ganibal C, Steinmetz D, Vialason A (1980) Performance of a photovoltaic electrolysis system. Proc 3 word Hydrogen Energy Conference, Tokyo. V. 3, pp.l583-1603... 

Delahoy AE, Gao SC, Murphy OJ, Kapur M, Bockris JOM (1985) A one-unit photovoltaic electrolysis system based on a triple stack of amorphous silicon (pin) cells. Int J Hydrogen Energy 10 113-116... 

Photovoltaic Electrolysis Cells. These cells produce both fuel (e.g. H2) and electrical power by means of a low-energy electrochemical reaction such as the dissociation of HI. The principle of this cell is shown in Figure 6.27. 

Our preliminary economic analysis of the chemical hydride slurry cycle indicates that hydrogen can be produced for 3.65/GJ ( 3.85/MMBtu) based on a carbon cost of 1.35/GJ ( 1.42/MMBtu) and a plant sized to serve a million cars per day. This compares to current costs of approximately 5.75/GJ ( 6.06/MMBtu) to produce hydrogen from 2.85/GJ ( 3.00/MMBtu) natural gas, and 24.50/GJ ( 25.83/MMBtu) to produce hydrogen by electrolysis from 0.05 per kWh electricity. The present standard for production of hydrogen from renewable energy is photovoltaic-electrolysis at 41.80/GJ ( 44.07/MMBtu). Costs have been derived from Padro (1999). 

The photovoltaic electrolysis cell has twice as many semiconductor layers as the photochemical diode. 

In the photovoltaic electrolysis cell the photoactive junctions are p-n junctions between two semiconductors, while in the photochemical diode the photoactive junctions are between semiconductors and aqueous solutions. 

In the photovoltaic electrolysis cell, the n-type region of the device, covered with a metal layer, becomes a cathode while the p-type region covered with a metal layer becomes an anode (i.e. it behaves like a majority carrier device) in the photochemical diode, the opposite is true, i.e. it is a minority carrier device with the n-type region acting as anode and the p-type region acting as a cathode. 

The photovoltaic electrolysis cell must be covered on the illuminated side with a transparent conductor which forms an ohmic contact and is catalytic for the relevant gas evolution reaction. Metallic coatings consisting of small metal islands may also serve to stabilize the photoelectrodes against corrosion, catalyse the H2 evolution, and produce efficient photoelectrolysis. 

Hydrogen and distributed electricity will be produced by solar energy, either through photovoltaic electrolysis or by direct solar photoelectrolysis. (Nathan Lewis, Ralph Overend)... 

GH2 LH2 Central plant production from North American (NA) and Non-North American (NNA) NG Central plant production from NNA FG Refueling station production fromNA and NNA NG Refueling station production from NNA FG Solar photovoltaic Electrolysis of water with conventional electricity... 

Photoelectrochemical water splitting Photocatalytic water splitting Coupled photovoltaic - electrolysis systems Thermochemical conversion Photobiological methods Molecular artificial photosynthesis Plasma-chemical conversion Mechano-catalytic, magnetolysis, radiolysis, etc. 

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