Photorefraction waveguides

Several methods can be used for waveguide fabrication in LiNbOs. Among them, titanium in-diffusion and proton exchange (PE) are the most popular ones since they lead to the formation of well-confined and low-loss layers. PE is mainly applied because it results in a considerable decrease of the photorefractive effect in LiNbOj. However, waveguides obtained by pure PE have reduced EO and NL coefficients and usually a post exchange aimealing (APE) is required for restoration of the EO activity. 

Multifunctional materials will play an important role in the development of Photonics Technology. This paper describes novel multifunctional polymeric composites for applications in both active and passive photonic components. On the molecular level, we have introduced multifunctionality by design and synthesis of chromophores which by themselves exhibit more than one functionality. At the bulk level, we have introduced the concept of a multiphasic nanostructured composites where phase separation is controlled in the nanometer range to produce optically transparent bulk in which each domain produces a specific photonic function. Results are presented from the studies of up-converted two-photon lasing, two-photon confocal microscopy, optical power limiting, photorefractivity and optical channel waveguides to illustrate the application of the multifunctional optical composites. 

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials have attracted extensive fundamental and practical interest/ Molecular design of hybrid materials could produce materials with tunable properties for optoelectronic devices, including optical waveguides,electroluminescent devices,nonlinear optical materials, photorefractive materials, and semiconductors/ ... 

Laser written mode evolution couplers, in Organic Photorefractives, Photoreceptors, Waveguides, and Fibers. Proceeding qfSPIE, July 18, Denver, CO, vol. 3799 (eds S. Ducharme, D.H. 

Applications of these materials are oriented toward the development of hybrid photochromic films for waveguides [87], high refraction index for LED encapsulation [283], or materials showing holographic as well as photorefractive properties [284]. 

---