Photonic crystal resonator

It is often desirable to immobilize different biomolecules on different sensing elements in close proximity on the same nanophotonic sensor in the development of a multiplexed sensor. This is the case in the example of parallel ID photonic crystal resonators described in Sect. 16.4. Cross-contamination of biomolecules must be avoided in order to preserve high specificity. We have found that a combination of parylene biopatteming and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidics is a convenient means to immobilized multiple biomolecules in close proximity without cross-contamination as shown in Fig. 16.8. Parylene biopatteming is first used to expose only the regions of highest optical intensity of the nanosensor for functionalization. Second, a set of PDMS microfluidics is applied to the parylene-pattemed nanophotonic sensor, and the biomolecules to be attached... 

Fig. 16.8 Multiplexing immobilization on paralell resonators, (a) SEM of parallel resonators (scale bar is 3 pm), (b) SEM of parallel parylene patterned ID photonic crystal resonators (scale bar is 20 pm), (c) Fluorescence micrograph of patterned capture prohes after parylene removal (scale bar is 20 pm)...

Photonic crystals Resonant reflections, surface waves Intensity, angle, wavelength, phase... 

Photonic crystal resonator based biosensors [1] have generated a lot of recent interest due to their ability to confine light within sub-wavelength modal volumes thus allowing for ultra-small detection sites. In addition, photonic crystal based architectures allow for a much larger degree of light-... 

Figure 1. Current Nanoscale Optofluidic Sensor Arrays, (a) 3D rendering of the NOSA device, (b) 3D rendering after association of the corresponding antibody to the antigen immobilized resonator, (c) Experimental data illustrating the successful detection of 45 pg/ml of anti-streptavidin antibody. The blue trace shows the initial baseline spectrum corresponding to Fig. la where the first resonator is immobilized with streptavidin. The red trace shows the test spectra after the association of anti-streptavidin. (d) Finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation of the steady state electric field distribution within the 1-D photonic crystal resonator at the resonant wavelength, (e) SEM image demonstrating the two-dimensional multiplexing capability of the NOSA architecture.

Ruan Y., Kim M.-K., Lee Y.-H., Luther-Davies B., and Rode A., Fabrication of high-Q chalcogenide photonic crystal resonators by e-beam lithography, RID C-2015-2011, AppL Phys. Lett., 90, 071102-071102 (2007). 

The collection of chapters in this book represents the most recent global efforts in the research and development of photonic bio/chemical sensing structures. The photonic structures included in book are quite diversified, ranging from optical resonators and interferometers to photonic crystals and specially designed waveguides. For guidance, they are summarized as follows ... 

Key words optical resonators photonic crystal defect cavities whispering gallery modes ... 

Figure 2. Near-field intensity portraits of a WG-Uke mode in (a) a square microdisk resonator and (b) a bow-tie mode in a quadrupolar (stadium) resonator and (c) a monopole mode in a hexagonal photonic crystal defect cavity (Boriskina, 2005).

Linear arrays of optical microresonators evanescently coupled to each other can also be used for optical power transfer (Fig. 6). This type of coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) has recently been proposed (Yariv, 1999) and then demonstrated and studied in a variety of material and geometrical configurations, such as sequences of planar microrings (Poon, 2004), arrays of coupled microspheres (Astratov, 2004), and chains of photonic crystal defect cavities (Olivier, 2001). 

Boriskina, S.V., 2005, Symmetry, degeneracy and optical confinement of modes in coupled microdisk resonators and photonic crystal cavities, submitted to J. Quantum Electron. 

Cao, J.R., Kuang, W., Choi, S.-J., Lee, P.-T., O Brien, J.D., Dapkus, P.D., 2003, Threshold dependence on the spectral alignment between the quantum-well gain peak and the cavity resonance in InGaAsP photonic crystal lasers, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83(20) 4107-4109. 

Olivier, S., Smith, C., Rattier, M., Benisty, Ft., Weisbuch, C., Krauss, T., Houdre, R., and Oesterl, U., 2001, Miniband transmission in a photonic crystal coupled-resonator optical... 

Painter O., Srinivasan, K., O Brien, J.D., Scherer, A., and Dapkus, P.D., 2001, Tailoring of the resonant mode properties of optical nanocavities in two-dimensional photonic crystal slab waveguides, J. Opt A Pure Appl. Opt. 3 S161-S170. 

Other potential applications of photonic crystals include crystals with rows of holes to guide radiation around sharp bends (something that cannot be attained with conventional optical fibres), nanoscopic lasers formed from thin films, ultrawhite pigment formed from a regular array of submicron titanium dioxide particles, radio frequency reflectors for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and LEDs. 

At the top of systems proposed for processors of quantum computers, there are systems in which electronic and nuclear spins of various defects and impurities in diamond are used as stationary qubits [1,2]. Single NV-centers having electronic spin S=1 in the ground electronic state are the most promising [3]. To improve optical read-out of such spin-states, various three-dimensional nanostructures in diamond such as micro resonators, waveguides, photon-crystal structures, etc. [1,4,5] are being developed. Besides, the methods of NV-center... 

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